Post Revolutionary America

Impact of Revolution

• • • •

External

French Revolution Abolition movements End of the Church of England Social law • • • • •

Internal

Federalists v. Anti-Federalists Presidential role Checks/Balances Funding Land

Federalists, Anti-Federalists, and Ratification

CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES

New Issues

• Ideas of the Constitution-what are they?

• • • • • • Articles of Confederation-fix or new?

Central v. decentralized government Democracy v. Republic National v. State Government Individual rights Tyranny

Viewpoints

• • • • • •

Federalists

“Nationalists” Supporters of Constitution Strong central gov’t Washington, Madison Well funded, well organized, used print Excessive democracy=a problem • • • • • • •

Anti-Federalists

Opposed ratification Strong state gov’t Supported farmers Sam Adams, Patrick Henry Too much government power=tyranny Worried about tax No protection of individual rights

Ratification Process

• • • • • • • 4/9 states immediately approve (small) PA: dragged Anti-Feds to vote MA: torn over taxation By spring they had 9 to ratify; states still on the fence about accepting VA accepts on a 89-79 vote NY=most divided; Hamilton & Fed. Papers NC and RI are the last to accept

Federalist Papers

• • • James Madison, A Hamilton, John Jay 85 anonymous letters 2 reasons to support: – – Strong government to protect US in foreign affairs Keeps local interest groups from dominating

Executive Office

• • • • • Most feared by Antifederalists How should it be run?

By who?

What qualifications?

What if the President is no good?

• Hamilton answers with Federalist Papers

Constitution Accepted, Bill of Rights Approved…

WHEN DOES REVOLUTION END?

Washington, Adams, Jefferson

FEDERALIST ERA 1789-1801

George Washington: Military

• • • • • 1754-1783 Grave, aloof, dignified Well-equipped; discipline and personal example Kept his army on the field Respected civil liberty over martial law

Washington: President

• • • • • • Founding Father Privately feared weak central government Federalist Bare outline of duties Chose his own cabinet Set precedents 1 st term, clouded 2 nd term

Washington: Cabinet

• • • • Cabinet : board of advisors Desired to work WITH the Legislature, not against it Secretary of State: Jefferson Treasury: Hamilton

Presidential Affairs

• • • • • •

Domestic Affairs

Inaugural Address 1 st Cabinet Court System: Judiciary Act 1789 Debt/1 st National Bank Whiskey Rebellion Political Parties • • • • • •

Foreign Affairs

French Revolution British tensions – Jay’s Treaty NEUTRALITY Navy protection Native Americans – Treaty of Greenville Spain – Pinkney’s Treaty

PRECEDENT (n)

An event or action that is regarded as an example or guide to be considered in subsequent similar circumstances

Domestic Affairs

• Judiciary Act 1789 – Article III of Const.

– – – – "judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and such inferior Courts“ Est. Supreme Court Amendment 4 & 8 Federal v. State courts • 1 st National Bank – Domestic/Foreign debts – – – – – – Rampant inflation State “IOU’s”=worthless Hamilton: Pay off state debts with security bonds 1 st Bank modeled off Eng Paper money currency Tariffs, Mercantilist policies, subsidies

Opponents

Whiskey Rebellion

• • • 1791: first federal tax on domestic product PA 1794: Farmers revolt; medium of exchange How should the president respond?

Washington Sets Precedent

• • • • Sends peace negotiators to talk with demonstrators Backs PA governor to collect tax Sends 13,000 Militia men to enforce National Government can suppress resistance to its laws

Pop Quiz!

Explain the significance of each precedence set by President Washington: 1. Inaugural Address/Appearance 2. Judiciary Act of 1789 3. Cabinet 4. National Bank 5. Whiskey Rebellion

Foreign Affairs: France

• • • After the French help the Americans, they too have a revolution Similar ideas, different outcomes Background on French Revolution…

• • • ~ 65,000 soldiers and sailors died in the American Revolutionary War ~ 40,000 French citizens died during Reign of Terror +Napoleonic Wars= easily over 1,000,000 Revolution people died in the French

Relations with Europe

• • • • The French Revolution starts shortly after GW becomes President Radicals in France kill the King and Queen, declare a revolution and declare war on British/Spanish monarchs US trades with all countries GW tries to maintain peace by declaring the US is, “Friendly and Impartial to both countries” Neutrality

Genet Affair

• • • • • Edward Charles Genet Sent by French to negotiate with US Genet to encourages privateering of British ships Congress debates on what to do with him Genet ignores government policies Negotiate a way to send him home, power changes in France keeps him in US

• • • British navy starts seizing neutral ships headed to French ports Rumors; Native American attacks GW sends John Jay to Great Britain to create a treaty and prevent a war

• • • • •

Jay’s Treaty

New nation is not ready for a war again Great Britain still seizes US ships headed to France Great Britain will not reimburse US merchants who lost care to GB US gets “most favored nation” status in trade with Great Britain US gets rid of some of the British soldiers still in the Northwest Territory and opens ports

Reaction to Jay’s Treaty

• • • Senators think this treaty is awful, US gives up more than it gets Senators still agree to sign this bill into law so they can avoid a war with Great Britain, try to keep it quiet (10 to 20 vote) The American people find out about this treaty and are very unhappy, especially the Republicans (Jefferson)

Pinckney’s Treaty

• • • • Thomas Pinckney from South Carolina Spain joins France and Great Britain in war but Spain wants to keep peace with the US Spain approaches the US about making a treaty-NEUTRALITY (seeing a pattern?) Spain gives US access to Mississippi River and New Orleans, helping to soothe Western farmers

• • • Native American chief Little Turtle forms Western Confederation of Native American groups Little Turtle beats US troops in two embarrassing losses (1790-1791) Washington sends massive amounts of troops, finally defeats Little Turtle (1794) at Battle of Fallen Timbers

Greenville Treaty

• • • 12 of the Native American groups from the Confederation sign the Greenville Treaty with the US Native Americans agree to give up their land for $10,000 annually from the federal government Settlers now feel safer to settle here

Washington’s Farewell Address

• • Washington wrote a letter, addressed to the people of the United States, announcing he would not run again Two main ideas – Stay away from Political Parties – Don’t get involved in the politics of other nations

Goodbye George

Election of 1796

• • Federalist Candidate: John Adams Republican Candidate: Thomas Jefferson • • • Electoral College-How do you decide?

John Adams Wins!!

Problems?

Who is John Adams?

• • • • • • • Federalist party member Delegate from Mass. for CC European diplomat Vice President to Washington Married to Abigail Adams-intellectual woman who fought for women’s right Son=6 th President JQA Vigorous foreign policy

Quasi War with France

• • • • French are upset by Jay’s Treaty, start seizing US ships headed to Great Britain Federalists call for war with France John Marshall, Charles Pinckney, and Elbridge Gerry go to France to negotiate in 1797 They run into French Agents X, Y, an Z

XYZ Affair

• • • French Secret Agents (called X, Y, and Z) tell the US they must pay a bribe/loan before negotiations can begin Quasi-War with France 1798 Only war fought completely on the sea

Quasi War

• • • Convention of 1800: Quasi War ends in 1800 US gives up claims for reparations France releases US from Treaty of 1778

Alien and Sedition Acts

• • • • • The Quasi War causes domestic conflict Federalists got US involved in the Quasi War; "MILLIONS FOR DEFENSE, BUT

NOT ONE CENT FOR TRIBUTE"

Republicans upset-TJ John Adams resents the statements Republican newspapers make about him Pass 4 laws dealing with foreign policy

Alien and Sedition Act

1.

Naturalization: Immigrants must wait 14 years to become citizens (they usually voted Republican)

2. Alien Friends Act

: Any immigrant could be deported without trial if deemed “dangerous to the peace” to the United States

3. Alien Enemies Act :

Same as Friends Act except for males 14+ years from a hostile nation during a time of war

4.

Sedition Act

(tried to keep people from inciting rebellion) it is a federal crime to publish anything “false, scandalous, or malicious” about gov’t

Is this Constitutional????

WHY OR WHY NOT?

VA and KY say NO!

• • • • Response to Alien and Sedition Act: the Rep. controlled legislatures of VA and KY protest Both states argue the A&S Act to be UNCONSTITUTIONAL Madison with Virginia: public should oppose, universal alarm Jefferson with Kentucky: states should be able to nullify unconstitutional fed. laws

Nullification

•

Nullify : make of no use or value; cancel out; invalidate

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• • Virginia Resolutions argue interposition — States can place

themselves between the people and the federal government to stop an illegal action of the government

Kentucky Resolutions argue nullification — States can declare an

unconstitutional federal law to by invalid

End Result?

• • • • Alien and Sedition Acts cause the election of Jefferson as next President Alien FRIENDS act expires 1801, Sedition Act expires 1800 Alien ENEMY act is kept…used during WWII for Japanese Internment camps Adams retires to his home; Jeffersonian era begins