Transcript 0205059511_ch03 - Geary County Schools USD 475

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
Chapter 3: Federalism
• Defining Federalism
• The Constitutional Basis of
Federalism
• Intergovernmental Relations Today
• Understanding Federalism
• Summary
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
Chapter Outline and Learning
Objectives
• Defining Federalism
• LO 3.1: Define federalism and explain its
consequences for American politics and
policy.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
Chapter Outline and Learning
Objectives
• The Constitutional Basis of Federalism
• LO 3.2: Outline what the Constitution says
about division of power between national
and state governments and states'
obligations to each other and trace the
increasing importance of the national
government.
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Chapter Outline and Learning
Objectives
• Intergovernmental Relations Today
• LO 3.3: Characterize the shift from dual to
cooperative federalism and the role of fiscal
federalism in intergovernmental relations
today.
• Understanding Federalism
• LO 3.4: Assess the impact of federalism on
democratic government and the scope of
government.
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Defining Federalism
LO 3.1: Define federalism and explain its
consequences for American politics and
policy.
• What Is Federalism?
• Why Is Federalism So Important?
To Learning Objectives
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Defining Federalism
LO 3.1
• What Is Federalism?
• Federalism – Organizing a nation so that
two or more levels of government have
formal authority over the same land and
people.
• Unitary governments – Organizing a
nation so all power resides in the central
government.
• Confederation – A nation in which the
national government is weaker than the
states.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.1
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.1
Defining Federalism
• Why Is Federalism So Important?
• Decentralizes our politics – More
opportunities for political participation.
• Decentralizes our policies – Federal and
state governments handle different
problems.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.1
To Learning Objectives
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The Constitutional Basis of Federalism
LO 3.2: Outline what the Constitution says
about division of power between national and
state governments and states' obligations to
each other, and trace the increasing importance
of the national government.
• The Division of Power
• Establishing National Supremacy
• States’ Obligations to Each Other
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.2
The Constitutional Basis of Federalism
• The Division of Power
• Supremacy Clause – Article VI of the
Constitution states the U.S. Constitution,
laws of Congress, and treaties are
supreme.
• Tenth Amendment – “The powers not
delegated to the U.S. by the Constitution,
nor prohibited by it to the states, are
reserved to the states respectively, or to the
people.”
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.2
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.2
The Constitutional Basis of Federalism
• Establishing National Supremacy
• Implied Powers - McCulloch v. Maryland
(1819) ruled Congress had implied powers
in addition to its enumerated powers.
• Commerce Power - Gibbons v. Ogden
(1824) defined commerce very broadly to
encompass virtually every form of
commercial activity.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.2
The Constitutional Basis of Federalism
• Establishing National Supremacy (cont.)
• The Civil War – Militarily the national
government asserts its power over the
Southern states’ claim of sovereignty.
• The Struggle for Racial Equality – Brown v.
Board of Education (1954) outlawed
segregation in the public schools.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.2
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.2
The Constitutional Basis of Federalism
• States’ Obligations to Each Other
• Full Faith and Credit – Article IV, Section I
of Constitution requires each state to
recognize the public acts, records, and
judicial proceedings of all other states.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.2
The Constitutional Basis of Federalism
• States’ Obligations to Each Other (cont.)
• Extradition - Article IV, Section II of
Constitution requires a state to surrender a
person charged with a crime to the state in
which the crime is alleged to have been
committed.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.2
The Constitutional Basis of Federalism
• States’ Obligations to Each Other (cont.)
• Privileges and Immunities – Article IV,
Section II of Constitution requires states to give
citizens of each state the privileges of citizens
of other states.
To Learning Objectives
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Intergovernmental Relations Today
LO 3.3: Characterize the shift from dual to
cooperative federalism and the role of fiscal
federalism in intergovernmental relations
today.
• From Dual to Cooperative Federalism
• Devolution?
• Fiscal Federalism
To Learning Objectives
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Intergovernmental Relations Today
LO 3.3
• From Dual to Cooperative Federalism
• Dual Federalism – A system of
government in which both the states and
the national government remain supreme
within their own spheres, each responsible
for some policies.
To Learning Objectives
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Intergovernmental Relations Today
LO 3.3
• From Dual to Cooperative Federalism
(cont.)
• Cooperative Federalism – A system of
government in which powers and policy
assignments are shared between states
and the national government.
• Standard operating procedures of
cooperative federalism - Shared costs,
federal guidelines, and shared
administration.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.3
To Learning Objectives
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Intergovernmental Relations Today
LO 3.3
• Devolution?
• Devolution – Transferring responsibility for
policies from the federal government to
state and local governments.
• State and local governments are mostly
responsible for handling crime, welfare, and
education.
To Learning Objectives
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Intergovernmental Relations Today
LO 3.3
• Fiscal Federalism
• Fiscal Federalism – Pattern of spending,
taxing, and providing grants in the federal
system.
• Federal grants to state and local
governments have grown rapidly and now
amount to more than $600 billion per year.
• Grants increased in 2010 and 2011 due to
the stimulus package.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.3
To Learning Objectives
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Intergovernmental Relations Today
LO 3.3
• Fiscal Federalism (cont.)
• The Grant System: Distributing the Federal
Pie ($600 billion)
• Categorical grants (project grants and
formula grants) can be used for specific
purposes and have strings attached.
• Block grants support programs in
community development and social
services.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.3
To Learning Objectives
Intergovernmental Relations Today
LO 3.3
• Fiscal Federalism (cont.)
• Scramble for Federal Dollars – Grant
distribution ($600 billion yearly) is
universalism; a little something for
everybody.
• Mandate Blues - Mandates direct state
governments to comply with federal rules
under threat of penalties or as a condition
of receipt of a federal grant.
To Learning Objectives
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Understanding Federalism
LO 3.4: Assess the impact of federalism on
democratic government and the scope of
government.
• Federalism and Democracy
• Federalism and the Scope of the
National Government
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.4
Understanding Federalism
• Federalism and Democracy
• Increases access to government.
• Local problems can be solved locally.
• An interest concentrated in a state can
exercise substantial influence in the
election of that state’s officials.
• Hard for political parties to dominate all
politics.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.4
Understanding Federalism
• Federalism and Democracy (cont.)
• States have different quality and quantity of
public services.
• Local interest can counteract and impede
national interests.
• Having so many governments (89,527
American governments) makes it difficult to
know which governments are doing what.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.4
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.4
Understanding Federalism
• Federalism and the Scope of the
National Government
• National power increased with
industrialization, expansion of individual
rights, and social services.
• Most issues, concerns, and problems
require resources afforded to the
national, not state, governments.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.4
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.1
Summary
• Defining Federalism
• Federalism is a way of organizing a nation so
that two or more levels of government have
formal authority over the same area and
people.
• It decentralizes both politics and policy in the
United States.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.1
Federalism is organizing a nation so that
or more levels of government have formal
authority over the same land and people.
A.
B.
C.
D.
1
2
3
4
To Learning Objectives
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
LO 3.1
Federalism is organizing a nation so that
or more levels of government have formal
authority over the same land and people.
A.
B.
C.
D.
1
2
3
4
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.2
Summary
• The Constitutional Basis of Federalism
• The Constitution divides power between the
national (federal) government and state
governments and makes the national
government supreme within its sphere.
• The national government has implied as well
as enumerated powers, as McCulloch v.
Maryland made clear.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.2
Summary
• The Constitutional Basis of Federalism
(cont.)
• Civil War helped establish national supremacy,
and the Supreme Court has interpreted the
constitutional powers of the national
government broadly, as Washington has taken
on more responsibilities to deal matters such
as the economy and civil rights.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.2
Summary
• The Constitutional Basis of Federalism
(cont.)
• States have obligations to give full faith and
credit to the public acts, records, and civil
judicial proceedings of other states, return a
person charged with a crime in another state to
that state, and accord citizens of other states
the privileges and immunities enjoyed by their
own citizens.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.2
The “full faith and credit” clause in Article IV
of the Constitution is primarily designed to
ensure
between states.
A.
B.
C.
D.
communication
reciprocity
honesty
commerce
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.2
The “full faith and credit” clause in Article IV
of the Constitution is primarily designed to
ensure
between states.
A.
B.
C.
D.
communication
reciprocity
honesty
commerce
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.3
Summary
• Intergovernmental Relations Today
• States no longer have exclusive responsibility
for those government functions that are within
its sphere but instead share these
responsibilities with the federal government.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.3
Summary
• Intergovernmental Relations Today
(cont.)
• Through categorical and block grants, the
federal government provides state and local
governments with substantial portions of their
budgets and it uses this leverage to influence
policy by attaching conditions to receiving the
grants.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.3
The shift from dual to cooperative
federalism involved a gradual _____.
A. devolution in federal influence over
states.
B. shift for the implementation of the
New Deal.
C. change in many policy areas,
including education.
D. shift from presidential to
congressional dominance.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.3
The shift from dual to cooperative
federalism involved a gradual _____.
A. devolution in federal influence over
states.
B. shift for the implementation of the
New Deal.
C. change in many policy areas,
including education.
D. shift from presidential to
congressional dominance.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.4
Summary
• Understanding Federalism
• On the positive side, federalism reduces
conflict at the national level, encourages
acceptance of losing elections, and increases
the opportunities for citizens to participate in
government and see their policy preferences
reflected in law.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.4
Summary
• Understanding Federalism (cont.)
• On the negative side, it may increase
inequities between states with different levels
of resources, discourage states from providing
services, allow local interests to thwart national
policy, and complicate efforts to make
government responsive.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.4
Summary
• Understanding Federalism (cont.)
• The national government has grown in
response to the demands of Americans for
public services it can best provide, but it has
not in any way supplanted the states.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.4
The federal government’s share of
governmental expenditures has grown
rapidly since the _____.
A.
B.
C.
D.
New Deal.
Civil War.
Great War.
Civil Rights Movement.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 3.4
The federal government’s share of
governmental expenditures has grown
rapidly since the _____.
A.
B.
C.
D.
New Deal.
Civil War.
Great War.
Civil Rights Movement.
To Learning Objectives
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Text Credits
•
•
•
Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States
Government, Fiscal Year 2011: Historical Tables (Washington,
DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2010), Table 12.1.
Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States
Government, Fiscal Year 2011: Historical Tables (Washington, DC:
U.S.Government Printing Office, 2010), Table 12.2.
Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States
Government, Fiscal Year 2011: Historical Tables (Washington, DC:
U.S. Government Printing Office, 2010), Table 15.3.
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Photo Credits
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64: AP Photo
65T: Joe Raedle/Getty Images
65TC: Hulton Archive/Getty Images
65TB: AP Photo
65B: Michael Newman/PhotoEdit
68: Joe Raedle/Getty Images
73: Hulton Archive/Getty Images
74: AP Photo
75: AP Photo
79: Michael Newman/PhotoEdit
81: Herb Block Foundation
82: Ron Sachs/Pool/Getty Images
87: Tom Cheney/The New Yorker Cartoon Bank. www.cartonbank.com
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