Transcript human-skeletal-system
SISTEM GERAK PADA MANUSIA
KUIS LINK
STANDAR KOMPETENSI Menjelaskan struktur dan fungsi organ manusia dan hewan tertentu, kelainan/penyakit yang mungkin terjadi serta implikasinya pada salingtemas.
KOMPETENSI DASAR Menjelaskan keterkaitan antara struktur, fungsi, dan proses serta kelainan/penyakit yang dapat terjadi pada sistem gerak pada manusia INDIKATOR Mengidentifikasi struktur dan fungsi tulang dan otot dalam sistem gerak Mengurutkan proses terjadinya sebuah gerakan.
Interesting Facts about the
Skeletal System
• Do we have more bones when we are a baby or when we are all grown up?
Baby has 305 bones and an adult has 206 bones. This is because as we grown some of our bones join together to form one bone.
• The longest bone in our bodies is the femur (thigh bone). • The smallest bone is the stirrup bone inside the ear. • Each hand has 26 bones in it. • our nose and ears are not made of bone; they are made of cartilage, a flexible substance that is not as hard as bone. Differences between males and females: Males and females have slightly different skeletons, including a different elbow angle. Males have slightly thicker and longer legs and arms; females have a wider pelvis and a larger space within the pelvis, through which babies travel when they are born.
Lets look at the skeleton
The Skeleton is the name given to the collection of bones that holds our body up.
Without the trunk and branches of a tree, were would the leaves be?
Without your skeleton, where would you be?
Types of Skeletons
Exo-skeleton: animals that have shells Endo-skeleton: hard structure inside the animal.
Hydrostatic skeleton:
Fluid held inside the body
No skeleton
Understanding bone strength
Bone Strength Activity In your groups……..
1. Take a sheet of paper and curl it up.
2. Put a piece of sticking tape on to hold it.
3. Place as many weights on this hollow structure as possible How much weight do you think it will hold?
Skeletal System
Function
Protection Bone Classificatio n
Composition
Long Bones Hard Bone Framework Short Bones Cartilage Part Appendicular Skeleton Axial Skeleton Movement Flat Bones Mineral Storage Blood Cell Formation Irregular Bones
• Support- framework that supports body and cradles its soft organs • Protection- for delicate organs, heart, lungs, brain • Movement- bones act as levers for muscles • Mineral storage- calcium & phosphate • Blood cell formation- hematopoiesis
The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system
Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle)
Divided into two divisions
Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle
• Long Bones- metacarples, metatarsals, phelangies, humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula • Short Bones- carpals, tarsals • Flat Bones- rib, scapula, skull, sternum • Irregular Bones- vertebrae, some facial bones • Sesamoid- patella
Classification of Bones
Long bones
Typically longer than wide Have a shaft with heads at both ends Contain mostly compact bone • Examples: Femur, humerus Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Diaphysis
Shaft Composed of compact bone
Epiphysis
Ends of the bone Composed mostly of spongy bone Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.2a
275 bones
12 weeks (6-9 inches long)
Fetus: 1 st 2 months Endochondral Ossification
cartilage calcified cartilage bone
Just before birth
2 o ossification center
Childhoo d
epiphyse al plate
Adul t
epiphyseal line
Osteoblast Osteocyte Osteoclast
Builds new bone Mature bone cell Eats bone
Structures of a Long Bone
Periosteum Outside covering of the diaphysis Fibrous connective tissue membrane Sharpey’s fibers Secure periosteum to underlying bone Arteries Supply bone cells with nutrients Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.2c
Classification of Bones
Short bones
Generally cube-shape Contain mostly spongy bone Examples: Carpals, tarsals Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Classification of Bones
Flat bones
Thin and flattened Usually curved Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Classification of Bones
Irregular bones
Irregular shape Do not fit into other bone classification categories Example: Vertebrae and hip Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Surface features of bones Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments Passages for nerves and blood vessels Categories of bone markings Projections and processes – grow out from the bone surface Depressions or cavities – indentations Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sesamoid Bones
Extra Bones Found in Certain Tendons i.e. Patella
Types of Bone Cells
Osteocytes Mature bone cells Osteoblasts Bone-forming cells Osteoclasts Bone-destroying cells Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of Bone Cells
Osteocytes Mature bone cells Osteoblasts Bone-forming cells Osteoclasts Bone-destroying cells Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Changes in the Human Skeleton
In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone Cartilage remains in isolated areas Bridge of the nose Parts of ribs Joints Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Changes in the Human Skeleton
Initially collagen fibers secreted by fibroblasts Cartilage deposited between the fibers Skeleton fully formed by 2 nd month of fetal development (all cartilage) Ossification begins after 8 th fetal development week of Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bone Growth
Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood
New cartilage is continuously formed Older cartilage becomes ossified Cartilage is broken down Bone replaces cartilage Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones of the Human Body
The skeleton has 206 bones
Two basic types of bone tissue
Compact bone Homogeneous Spongy bone Small needle-like pieces of bone Many open spaces Figure 5.2b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.3
• Based on the substance composition, the bone can be divided into hard bone and cartilage. • Based on the characteristic of its motion, articulation is difference as –sinartrosis (dead joints)=sutura – amfiartrosis (stiff joints)= columnar vertebrate –diartrosis (joint motion)= the joint between femur and tibia
• Relations between the bones with one another are called articulation or joint.
• According to the direction of motion, joint is distinguished as – bullets joint=shoulder with upper arm – hinge joints=elbow or knees – swivel joints=atlas bone with axis bone – saddle joints=finger and palm – sliding joints=palm and sool – joints kondiloid= hand wrist
• Based on the substance composition, the bone can be divided into hard bone and cartilage. • Based on the characteristic of its motion, articulation is difference as –sinartrosis (dead joints)=sutura – amfiartrosis (stiff joints)= columnar vertebrate –diartrosis (joint motion)= the joint between femur and tibia
• Relations between the bones with one another are called articulation or joint.
• According to the direction of motion, joint is distinguished as – bullets joint=shoulder with upper arm – hinge joints=elbow or knees – swivel joints=atlas bone with axis bone – saddle joints=finger and palm – sliding joints=palm and sool – joints kondiloid= hand wrist
MATERI
STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI TULANG
FUNGSI TULANG
Sebagai pembentuk rangka tubuh Sebagai sistem gerak pasif karena adanya sendi Sebagai penyimpan Kalsium, Fosfor, Natrium dan elemen lain Sebagai penghasil sel-sel darah Proteksi terhadap organ tubuh yang lemah Pembentuk Limfosit B sebagai sistem immunologis tubuh
STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI TULANG Rangka manusia terdiri atas RANGKA AKSIAL dan RANGKA APENDIKULER
TULANG SERVIK = 7 BUAH TULANG TORAKAL = 12 BUAH TULANG LUMBAL = 5 BUAH TULANG SAKRUM = 5 BUAH TULANG KOKSIGEA = 4 BUAH TULANG RUSUK SEJATI = 7 PS TULANG RUSUK PALSU = 3 PS
RANGKA AKSIAL
STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI TULANG
Rangka Apendikuler atau rangka tam bahan Merupakan rangka pendukung gerak/lokomosi.
Terdiri Atas dan Tungkai Bawah atas
Tungkai
RANGKA APENDIKULER
STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI TULANG
BAGIAN-BAGIAN TUNGKAI ATAS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Klavikula = 1 ps Skapula = 1 ps Humerus = 1 ps Ulna = 1 ps Radius = 1 ps Carpal = 1 ps Metacarpal = 4 ps Phalanges = 5 ps
STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI TULANG
BAGIAN-BAGIAN TUNGKAI BAWAH
1 6 7 8 2 3 4 5
KOKSEA = 1 PASANG PETALA = 1 PASANG FEMUR = 1 PASANG FIBULA = 1 PASANG TIBIA = 1 PASANG TARSAL = 1 PASANG METATARSAL = 4 PASANG PALANGES = 5 PASANG
BAGIAN – BAGIAN PENYUSUN TULANG
Bagian Penyusun Tulang
Sumber :www.homepage.mac.com
Epipise Proksimal 1 Sumsum Merah 2 Endosteum 1 Garis Epipise 3 Tulang Spon 3 Diapisis 2 2 Tulang Kompak 4 Sumsum Kuning 1 Periosteum Tulang Kompak 2 4 Arteri 5 6 Medula Cavity Garis Epipise Tulang Spon 3 1 Periosteum Episise Distal 3
STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI TULANG
BAGIAN – BAGIAN TULANG TENGKORAK
Sumber : www.infovisual.info
TULANG-TULANG TENGKORAK
STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI TULANG
Bagian Penyusun Tulang Dada
Sumber :www.medicalook.com/systems_images
Penghubung Klaikula
2
Manubrium Sternal Angle
4 3 1
Badan
5 7
Tautan rusuk Kipoid
6
STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI OTOT
FUNGSI OTOT Sebagai alat gerak aktif karena memiliki kemampuan Kontraksi, Ektensi dan Relaksasi Sebagai Penyimpan gula dalam bentuk glikogen otot
ANIMASI KONTRAKSI OTOT ANIMASI AKTIVASI OTOT
STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI OTOT
OTOT POLOS OTOT RANGKA OTOT JANTUNG Ciri dan fungsi a. Fusiform shape b. Involuntary c. One nuclei in the centre Ciri dan fungsi a. voluntary b. Has not branch c. Composed of miofibril Ciri dan fungsi a. involuntary b. Has branch c. Nuclei located in the middle
STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI OTOT
STRUKTUR OTOT Tendon Selaput otot Epimisium Fasikulus Endomisium Mio fibril Sarkolema Sarkoplasma Perimisium Nukleus Serabut Otot
STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI OTOT
KONTRAKSI OTOT Miosin aktin Miosin aktin aktin Miosin Otot Berektensi 1. Zona H memanjang 2. Zona I memanjang 3. Band A melebar Lanjut Otot Relaksasi 1. Zona H normal 2. Zona I normal 3. Band A normal Otot Berkontraksi 1. Zona H menyempit 2. Zona I memendek 3. Band A memendek Lanjut