Immigration & Urbanization

1877-1900

Created by Mr. Johnson

Objective • 5.01 – Evaluate the influence of immigration and rapid industrialization on urban life.

Key Terms Elevator Electric Trolleys Telephone Alexander Graham Bell Phonograph Thomas Edison Typewriter Jacob Riis

How the Other Half Lives

Jane Addams Settlement Houses Hull House Culture Shock Ellis Island Angel Island Dumbbell Tenements Chinese Exclusion Act Sweatshops Amusement Parks Spectator Sports New Immigration Old Immigration Frederick Law Olmstead Melting Pot Salad Bowl Cultural Pluralism Nativism

Mark Twain – “The Gilded Age”

Robber Barons

Conspicuous Consumption

Rising Tide of Immigration

Immigration & Urbanization

Old Immigration

New Immigration

New Immigration

Why They Came • Job Opportunities • Homestead Act • Anti-Semitism

The Journey • Ocean Liners • Traveling in Steerage • Into the Unknown

ARRIVAL • Physical Exams • Quarantine • Name Changes • Culture Shock • Video – Pictures Edison Motion

Medical Exams & Quarantine

Ellis Island, NY

Ellis Island, NY

Statue of Liberty, 1886

Statue of Liberty Torch – Light & hope Seven Spires – “Seven Seas” Stone Tablet – July IV MDCCLXXVI “The New Colossus”

The New Colossus Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.

"Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor,

Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.

Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"

—Emma Lazarus, 1883

Angel Island, San Francisco

Japanese “Picture Brides”

Nativism

American Party • “Know-Nothings”

Nativist Laws • Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) – Restricted immigration from China • National Origin Quotas • Gentlemen’s Agreement – U.S./Japan (1907) – U.S. agrees to allow Japanese immigrants into U.S. public schools – Japan promises to restrict immigration • Webb Alien Land Law (1913) – California law – Prohibits aliens from owning land

Thomas Nast: Catholic INvasion

Thomas Nast: Irish Mob Rule

Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882

Immigration Today

New Ethnic Neighborhoods

Theories of Culture

Melting Pot

Assimilation

Salad Bowl

Pluralism

Chinatown • San Francisco • Los Angeles • New York City

Hester Street

St. Patrick’s Cathedral

St. Patrick’s Cathedral

“Little Italy”

The Lives of Immigrants

Tenements • One or more families living in a small apartment • Poor sanitation & ventilation

Tenements

Tenements

Dumbbell Tenement

Immigrant Families

Sweatshops • Urban factories with poor wages & working conditions

Jacob Riis • How the Other Half Lives (1890) • Described the working and living conditions of immigrants • First “muckraker”

Jane Addams • Settlement houses – Educated, trained Americans – Living in poor immigrant communities – Art, education, economic development • Hull House, Chicago

Hull House

Horatio Alger • Dime Novels • The American Dream – Honesty & hard work – “Rags to riches” stories

Labor Stirrings

“Eight hours for work, Eight hours for rest, Eight hours for what we will.”

“Gotham” New York City

Skyscrapers • Office buildings • Symbols of the corporations themselves • Architects – Function – Aesthetics

Bessemer Process • Steel vs. iron – Lighter – stronger • Skyscrapers • Bridges

Early Skyscrapers

Flatiron Building

Elevators

Grand Central Station

Electric Trolleys

Brooklyn Bridge John A. Roebling, architect

“America’s Second City” Chicago

Railway Exchange & Central YMCA

Louis Sullivan

Bayard-Condict Building

Transportation Building

Carson, Pirie, Scott Dept. Store

Sport, Leisure & Consumerism

Frederick Law Olmstead • Public Parks – Central Park, NY – Prospect Park, NY – Niagara Reservation

Central Park, NY

Central Park Today

The National Pastime

Boxing & College Football

Country Clubs

Bicycles

Coney Island, NY

Department Stores

Mail Order Catalogs

Typewriters & Secretaries

The Telephone • Alexander Graham Bell or Antonio Meucci?

Thomas Edison Light Bulb Phonograph

Eastman Kodak

“The New South”

Henry Woodfin Grady • Industrialization & urbanization • Free wage labor & cordial race relations • “New South”

Piedmont vs. Tidewater

Good Roads Movement • Reasons • Education • Bicycles… automobiles • North Carolina – “the good roads state”

Company Towns

Company Towns

“Red Shirts” • “Waving the bloody shirt” • White supremacy/ segregation • Democrats/Ellison Alger Smyth

Convict Labor

Birmingham Steel Mills • Industrial ization • Convict mine labor

Birmingham Steel Mills

Booker T. Washington • Tuskegee Institute • “Atlanta Compromise” Speech: • Abandon civil rights & challenges to segregation • Focus on economic independence • “Cast down your bucket where you are”

Review

Main Ideas

Immigration

• Push & pull factors • Ellis & Angel Island • Ethnic neighborhoods • “Melting Pot” vs. “Salad Bowl” • Backlash against immigration

Urbanization

• Population explosion • Growth in city size • New opportunities for both men & women • Tenement slums • Mass transit • Skyscrapers