ADM Lesson Plan - Aviation Human Factors
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Transcript ADM Lesson Plan - Aviation Human Factors
AERONAUTICAL
DECISION MAKING
THE FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS’
LESSON PLAN
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Definition of Aeronautical
Decision Making (ADM)
“ADM
is a systematic approach to
the mental process used by all
involved in aviation to
consistently determine the best
course of action in response to a
given set of circumstances.”
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PRIMARY CAUSAL FACTORS OF
AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS
Cockpit Crew
Airplane
Maintenance
Weather
Airport/ATC
Misc
0
1987-98
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20
1959-98
40
60
80
PROBABLE CAUSE IN 80% OF ALL
ACCIDENTS (NTSB)
UNPROFESSIONAL
ATTITUDES
47%
VISUAL PERCEPTION
MISJUDGMENT
19%
PILOT TECHNIQUE
21%
INFLIGHT JUDGMENT OR
DECISION
5%
IMPROPER OPERATION OF
EQUIPMENT
6%
UNKNOWN CAUSES
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4%
0
10
20
30
40
50
PRACTICAL TEST STANDARDS
REQUIREMENTS
“CRM is not a single TASK. CRM is a set
of skill competencies which must be
evident in all TASKS in this PTS as
applied to the single pilot or the
multicrew operation. CRM competencies,
grouped into three clusters of observable
behaviors are....”
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ADM SKILL MARKERS
(“Observable Behaviors”)
COMMUNICATION
SITUATIONAL
AWARENESS
WORKLOAD
MANAGEMENT
PLANNING
DECISION
MAKING
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CRM DEFINITION
“THE EFFECTIVE
USE OF ALL
AVAILABLE
RESOURCES”
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CREW...
Pilot-in-Command
Second-in-Command
Flight Instructor
Aircraft Scheduler
Weather Briefer
Ramp Personnel
Chief Instructor
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Flight Attendant
Check Airman/ Pilot
Examiner
Flight Engineer
Non-pilot
Air Traffic Control
Flight Service/Watch
RESOURCES...
Time
Information
Workload
Prioritization
Strategies/Plans
Scheduling
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MANAGEMENT...
Situation Assessment
Risk Assessment
Planning/Strategizing
Prioritizing
Tasks
Allocating Responsibilities
Problem Solving
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ENHANCED CREWMEMBER
PERFORMANCE
E N H A N C E D C R E W M E M B E R P E R FO R M A N C E
C R E W M E M B E R N O N -T E C H N IC A L S K IL L S
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C R E W M E M B E R T E C H N IC A L S K IL L S
ENHANCED CREWMEMBER
PERFORMANCE
E N H AN C E D C R E W M E M B E R P E R F O R M AN C E
C R E W M E M B E R N O N -T E C H N IC A L S K IL L S
C R E W M E M B E R T E C H N IC A L S K IL L S
C O M M U N IC AT IO N S
PR O C E S S E S AN D
T E AM BU IL D IN G
AN D M AIN T E N AN C E
W O R K L O AD M AN AG E M E N T
AN D S IT U AT IO N AL
M OT OR
AC T IV IT IE S
PR O C E D U R AL
AC T IV IT IE S
D E C IS IO N M AK IN G
CLUST ER
CLUST ER
AW AR E N E S S
CLUST ER
S K IL L S
S K IL L S
IN F O R M AT IO N BAS E /
KNOW LEDG E
Brie fin g s
L e a d e rsh ip /F o llo w e rsh ip /
P re p a ra tio n /P la n n in g /
V isu a l Ac q u isitio n /
E m e rg e n c y /
C o m p a n y Po lic ie s/
In q u iry /Ad vo c a c y /Asse rtio n
C re w S e lf-C ritiq u e
C o n c e rn fo r T a sk s
In te rp e rso n a l R e la tio n sh ip s/
V ig ila n c e
W o rk lo a d D istrib u te d /
In te rp re ta tio n o f
H a za rd s
Ab n o rm a l
F lig h t M a n e u ve rs
L a w s/R u le s/
R e g u la tio n s
C o m m u n ic a tio n s/D e c isio n s
C o n flic t R e so lu tio n
G ro u p C lim a te
Au to m a tio n M a n a g e m e n t
D istra c tio n s Avo id e d
S y ste m C o n tro l
Airc ra ft C o n tro l
AT C C o m m u n ic a tio n s
S y ste m O p e ra tio n
AT C /Airsp a c e
W e a th e r
Airc ra ft L im ita tio n s/
Pe rfo rm a n c e
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ENHANCED CREWMEMBER
PERFORMANCE
E N H AN C E D C R E W M E M B E R P E R F O R M AN C E
C R E W M E M B E R T E C H N IC A L S K IL L S
M OT OR
AC T IV IT IE S
PR O C E D U R AL
AC T IV IT IE S
S K IL L S
S K IL L S
IN F O R M AT IO N BAS E /
KNOW LEDG E
V isu a l Ac q u isitio n /
E m e rg e n c y /
C o m p a n y Po lic ie s/
In te rp re ta tio n o f
Ab n o rm a l
L a w s/R u le s/
H a za rd s
F lig h t M a n e u ve rs
R e g u la tio n s
S y ste m C o n tro l
Airc ra ft C o n tro l
AT C C o m m u n ic a tio n s
S y ste m O p e ra tio n
AT C /Airsp a c e
W e a th e r
Airc ra ft L im ita tio n s/
Pe rfo rm a n c e
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ADM Focus
Non-Technical Skills
C R E W M E M B E R N O N -T E C H N IC A L S K IL L S
*C O M M U N IC AT IO N S
PR O C E S S E S AN D
T E AM BU IL D IN G
AN D M AIN T E N AN C E
*W O R K L O AD M AN AG E M E N T
AN D *S IT U AT IO N AL
*D E C IS IO N M AK IN G
CLUST ER
CLUST ER
AW AR E N E S S
CLUST ER
Brie fin g s
In q u iry /Ad vo c a c y /Asse rtio n
L e a d e rsh ip /F o llo w e rsh ip /
C o n c e rn fo r T a sk s
Pre p a ra tio n / *Pla n n in g /
V ig ila n c e
C re w S e lf-C ritiq u e
C o m m u n ic a tio n s/D e c isio n s
C o n flic t R e so lu tio n
In te rp e rso n a l R e la tio n sh ip s/
G ro u p C lim a te
Au to m a tio n M a n a g e m e n t
W o rk lo a d D istrib u te d /
D istra c tio n s Avo id e d
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ADM SKILL MARKERS
(“Observable Behaviors”)
COMMUNICATION
SITUATIONAL
AWARENESS
WORKLOAD
MANAGEMENT
PLANNING
DECISION
MAKING
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COMMUNICATIONS
Two-way street
Information transfer
Clear, concise,
unambiguous
Listening
Repeating
Clarification
Understanding
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SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
THE ACCURATE
PERCEPTION OR
KNOWLEDGE A PILOT MAINTAINS
TO THEIR OPERATIONAL
ENVIRONMENT IN ORDER TO
ANTICIPATE CONTINGENCIES AND
TAKE THE NECESSARY ACTIONS.
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WORKLOAD
MANAGEMENT
PRIORITIZE AND
DELEGATE
SHARE AND
COMMUNICATE
ACKNOWLEDGE
PERSONAL LIMITS
ACTIVELY
MONITOR
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PREPARATION, PLANNING, AND
VIGILANCE
PREPARING
FOR REQUIRED
ACTIVITIES
PLANNING FOR ALL POSSIBILITIES
MAINTAINING AWARENESS FOR
CHANGE
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Decision Making Process
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Is there a decision to make?
Gather all available information.
Identify all possible alternatives.
Evaluate alternatives.
Choose an alternative (make a decision).
Act on decision.
Evaluate the results of the decision.
(if necessary, return to the beginning)
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THE EFFECTS OF STRESS
AND FATIGUE
Human
Performance
Error Management
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ADM REFERENCES FOR
THE INSTRUCTOR
Aeronautical
Decision Making for Instructor
Pilots
Aeronautical Decision Making for Student
and Private Pilots
From the N.T.I.S. (National Technical
Information Service) Library
1-800-759-4684
3
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ADM MODELS AND
PROGRAMS TODAY
PTS/CRM
Pilot
Judgment Training Manuals
Personal Minimums
FAA’s Model
DECIDE Model
Hazardous Attitudes
Decision Making Process
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What about these?
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THE END
REMEMBER......
MAKE ADM
PART OF YOUR
LESSON PLANS!
QUESTIONS????
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