Chapter 4, Section 2 Sparta & Athens

Vocabulary

Tyrant Democracy oligarchy helot

• • •

Tyranny in the City-States

_________, who owned large farms, seized power from Greek kings.

• Farmers had to borrow money from nobles & often could not pay back debt. • Unhappy farmers demanded changes in power ___________ of city-states.

• Merchants & artisans also wanted to share in governing.

• Farmers lost land & had to work for nobles or were sold into slavery.

Both groups very wealthy, but did not own land, therefore they were not regarded as citizens and had no say in running the polis.

Unhappiness led to rise of _________, or people who take things by force & rule w/total authority.

• Most Greek tyrants acted fairly & wisely.

• • • • •

Tyranny in the City-States

600’s B.C.—tyrants able to overthrow nobles. • Tyrants had backing of the people & hoplites (b/c many were farmers).

Tyrants were popular b/c of building: • marketplaces • • __________ Walls Greeks did not want rule by 1 person (tyrant).

Formed ___________ & ____________.

• Oligarchy —_________________________________________.

• Democracy —________________________________________.

Sparta = oligarchy. Athens = democracy.

• • • •

Sparta

Sparta founded by __________.

• Sparta needed more land as it grew. They conquered & enslaved their neighbors.

• To keep helots from rebelling, Sparta created strong ___________ of boys & men.

• Age 7: boys left family to live in barracks. Were treated harshly to make them tough.

• • Captive workers were called ____________.

Age 20: men entered regular army & lived in barracks for 10 years.

Age 30 : returned home, but served in army until age _____ .

Spartans were expected to either

win on the battlefield or die!!! Never to surrender!!!

“Come home carrying your shield or being carried on it!”

• • •

Sparta & government

Girls in Sparta were trained in __________.

• Did this to become healthy mothers (kept them fit).

• • • • • • Wives lived at home while husbands lived in barracks. Spartan women were freer b/c of this. Could own property & go where they wanted.

Spartan govt. was an _________________.

• 2 kings headed council of elders.

______ = 28 citizens over age of 60. (presented laws to the assembly) ______ = all Spartan men over age of 30 belonged to assembly.

Assembly voted on councils laws & chose 5 people to be _________.

Ephors enforced laws & managed tax collection.

Govt. discouraged foreign visitors & banned travel except for military reasons. Also, frowned upon

• • • • • •

Athens

Boys in _______ attended school & learned from 3teachers. Finished school at age 18.

• #1—taught them to read, write, and ______________.

• • #2—____________ #3—taught them to sing & play stringed instrument called a ________.

Athenian girls learned household duties from mother.

• Some wealthy girls learned reading, writing, & playing the lyre.

Early Athens was ruled by nobles (like Sparta).

Early govt. was an oligarchy (like Sparta).

• Had an assembly of all citizens, but had few powers.

600 B.C.—Athenians started rebelling against nobles.

Athens

• • • Solon cancelled farmers’ debts & freed slaves.

• Also allowed all male citizens to participate in assembly.

• Farmers were angry b/c Solon wouldn’t give nobles’ land away.

After 30 yrs. of turmoil, a tyrant, ____________ seized power.

• Won support of people by dividing large estates among landless farmers.

• He loaned money to poor people& gave them jobs.

Most important leader was _______________.

• Credited with creating a _______________ in Athens. • Came to power in 508 B.C. & reorganized assembly.

Athens

• • • • He gave assembly more power.

• All male citizens could belong & vote on laws.

• Could debate matters openly, hear court cases, & appoint army generals.

Most importantly: • Created new council of 500 members to help assembly carry out its duties.

New council chosen by __________.

• Believed this was more fair than an election. Non-citizens: • Women, foreign-born men, & slaves still excluded!!!