Transcript The Industrial Revolution ppt - Mr. Mainord`s World History Class

Essential Questions
• How does the free enterprise system
work?
• What factors caused the Industrial
Revolution?
• How did the Industrial Revolution change
the ways people lived?
Important Ideas
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Economics:
Free Enterprise
Adam Smith
Britain
James Watt
Steamboat
Railroad
Mass Production
Karl Marx
Laissez-faire capitalism
Unification
Understanding Economics
• Economics: how people
meet their needs by
making, distributing, and
using goods and services
• Economists study how
people
–
–
–
–
–
Work
Earn money
save money
Invest
Use their time, energy and
money
Why should we study
economics?
Three Economic Questions
• People have unlimited
wants
• The world has limited
resources
• How do countries meet the
needs of people with
limited resources?
• Every country must
answer these 3 questions:
What
should be
produced?
How
should it
be
produced?
Who
should get
it?
Free Enterprise System
• Characteristics:
– People decide what to
make, sell, and buy.
– People own property and
decide how to use it.
– Some people invest in
private business seeking
a profit (money made)
– Some people make the
same goods and create
competition
In a free enterprise
system what is the
responsibility of
government, if any?
Free Enterprise
• Characteristics:
– Government
interference is limited.
– Government sets the
rules and settles
disputes.
– Producers and
consumers answer the
3 basic questions, not
government.
Give an example of a
time when government
should interfere in the
system.
The Law of Supply and Demand
• Supply= amount of
goods produced
• Demand= amount of
goods wanted
• Supply and demand
determine price
Explain the
chart as it
relates to
supply and
demand
If demand is
low, prices
will go down
If demand is
HIGH,
then the price
goes up
Adam Smith
• Scottish professor
• Wrote The Wealth of Nations
in1776
• Said:
– Division of labor helps production
– Supply and demand determine price
– Only producers with best goods and
prices will stay in business
– An “invisible hand” guides individual
actions for the common good
– Attacked mercantilism
– Favored laissez-faire
Adam Smith
The invisible hand
theory says that
individuals will do
what is right for the
economy. Do you
think this theory
works in U.S. free
enterprise system?
Characteristics of the Industrial
Revolution
• Economic revolution began
in Great Britain
• Introduced mass production
• Used new sources of energy
• Goods were made in
factories not in homes
(cottage industry)
• Steam power and machines
were used
Coalbrookdale by Night, 1801, by Philipp
Jakob Loutherbourg the Younger
• Science and technology
became closely linked
What technological
• People moved from rural
advancements made the
areas to urban to get jobs
Industrial Revolution possible?
Causes of the Industrial Revolution
in Britain
• Geographical
Advantages:
– Many harbors and
rivers
– Plentiful coal
– Island protected
from invasion
– Close European
markets
– Well-located for
trade
Causes of the Industrial Revolution
in Britain
• Transportation and
Communication
– Well developed coastal trade,
canals, and port towns
– Excellent postal service
– Daily newspapers
– Most powerful navy in the
world
Why was having a powerful
navy helpful to the growth of
the Industrial Revolution in
Britain?
Causes of the Industrial Revolution
in Britain
• Large Colonial Empire:
– Raw materials from all over the
world came to Britain
– Britain developed advanced
financial and commercial skills
• Powerful Middle Class:
– Promoted free enterprise
– Promoted economic improvement
– Brought together capital, labor, and
new invention
What is the connection
between free
enterprise and the rise
of the Industrial
Revolution?
Causes of the Industrial Revolution
in Britain
• Agricultural Improvements:
– New scientific methods
boosted productivity such as
enclosing common lands,
rotating crops, and careful
animal breeding.
– Less people were needed to
work on farms.
How did agriculture affect the
revolution?
Innovations in Textile
Manufacturing
• Revolution came to
textiles first
• Spinning Jenny (1764):
allowed large quantities
of thread to be made
quicker and cheaper
• Improved Steam Engine
(1769) James Watt’s
engine did not have to be
placed near a water
source. Factories could
now be built anywhere.
Spinning
Jenny
Can you name some
inventions from
previous time
periods that made an
impact on the
economy of a
society?
Steam
Engine
The Shift from Home (cottage) to
Factory
• Domestic System:
craftsmen worked at
making cloth
• Industrial Revolution:
craftsmen began making
cloth in factories
• Benefits of factories:
– higher rates of production
– cheaper prices
– higher demand of goods
What might be some
of the negative
aspects of working
in factories?
Working Conditions
• Factories were unsafe
and dangerous
• Workers worked long
hours with little pay
• Women and children also
worked in factories.
• Children often did
dangerous jobs
• In hard times workers lost
their jobs and had no way
to support their family
If conditions
were so bad,
why would
people work in
the factories?
Urbanization
• Fewer people were
needed to work on farms
• People moved to the city
to work in factories
• Cities became crowded
and unsanitary
• Factories polluted the air
• City governments were
unable to meet the
needs of all of these new
citizens
Was the Industrial
Revolution good or bad
for cities?
Changes in Transportation
Technology
• Steam boat
• Steam engine in
locomotives in 1820
• Railroads made
transportation easier but
required coal, iron, and
steel, stimulating growth
in those industries
Capitalism
• Characteristics of 19th
Century Capitalism
– Role of the Entrepreneur:
owned the factory, organized
managed, and assumed
responsibility for the business
– Role of the worker: provided
labor and received wages
– Role of the government:
(laissez-faire) did not
interfere in relations between
workers and business
Since government
did not interfere
with business, how
do you think
business treated
workers?
Explain this cartoon
How is this cartoon similar to the one
from the French Revolution?
In the late 1800s the
shocking inequalities
between the huge
fortunes of the nation's
"captains of industry"
and an ever-growing
population of
impoverished workers
drove Americans to
grapple with questions
about the rights of
workers and
employers. This 1883
editorial cartoon
mocked the claims that
plutocrat businessmen
were the protectors of
American industries by
presenting Cyrus Field,
Jay Gould, Cornelius
Vanderbilt, and Russell
Sage as bloated
parasites sitting on
bags of "millions," and
protective bulwarks
resting on the backs
industrial workers
making only $6 to $11 a
week.
Library of Congress
Family Life in the Industrial
Revolution
• Families no longer worked
together on farms
• Men, women, and children
worked in factories
• Families spent less time together
• Families moved to crowded cities
• Cities did not have enough fresh
water and had sanitation issues
• Diseases like cholera and typhus
spread through the cities quickly
• Later reforms helped improve
sanitation, disease control, public
education, and working
conditions
What impact did the
Industrial Revolution have
on families?
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
• Believed disease was
caused by germs
• Showed that sanitary
measures could improve
health (washing hands
and boiling instruments
before operations)
• Developed vaccines to
combat anthrax and
rabies
• Pioneered the heating of
liquids to kill germs
Reform Movements
• Social Reforms:
– Banned women and
children from working
in mines
– Limited work day to 10
hours
– Improved working
conditions
– Established work
houses for
unemployed
Why would
Parliament and the
monarchy favor
these types of
social reforms?
Queen Victoria I
favored social reforms
and tried to help the
poor
Child Labor
Reform Movements
• Municipal Reforms:
– Cleaned up cities
– Improved drinking
water
– Introduced sewer
systems to help stop
the spread of disease
– Built street lamps
– Increased police
forces
– Added free public
education
How does free public
education benefit a
society?
Reform Movements
• Worker’s Unions:
Workers formed
groups that would
strike if working
conditions and pay
did not improve
• Many politicians and
owners introduced
social reforms to win
the favor of unions
How does a threat of a strike
affect business owners?
How does a threat of a strike
affect workers?
Reform Movements
• Political Reform: the
growing middle class
wanted more political
power
• The Reform Bill of 1832
gave voting rights to
much of the middle class
and extended
representation in
Parliament to cities that
did not have it
• By the late 1800s all
adult males could vote
Why is the right to vote (suffrage)
important to a society?
Karl Marx and the Birth of
Communism
• Marx wrote two books, the Communist
Manifesto with Friedrich Engels and
Capital
• He believed that workers would rise
up against owners because they were
underpaid and owners made huge
profits
• He said workers would create a
“Communist” society
• In communism everything is owned in
common
• There is no private property or social
classes
• Cooperation would replace
competition
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
Who would make sure
that everything worked as
it should in a Communist
society?
Socialism
• Wanted to improve
conditions for workers
• Wanted government to
step in and pass laws to
protect workers
• Wanted government to
own some businesses
• Believed that they could
improve worker
conditions through
political parties
• Supported free education,
low-cost housing, cheap
public transportation, and
national health care
How is Socialism
different from
Communism?
2nd Industrial Revolution
• Late 19th Century- Early 20th
Century
• Based on improvements in
chemical, steel, and petroleum
industries and introduction of
electricity
• Thomas Edison
– Phonograph
– Motion picture
– Light bulb
• Alexander Graham Bell
– Telephone
• Marie Curie
– Studied radioactivity
– Discovered radium
The Impact of Industry on
Nationalism
• Industrialization
strengthened the
middle class
• Middle class
demanded unity
• Business leaders
wanted to unify
national markets
• Politicians and
journalists channeled
worker discontent into
nationalism
How can business
use the idea of
Nationalism to their
advantage?