Transcript Document
2012清大電資院學士班
「頂尖企業暑期實習」
經驗分享心得報告
實習企業:國家晶片系統設計中心
實習學生:電資院學士班
莊愷莘
前言
(一)實習時間:
民國101年7月2日至101年8月31日,共61天
(二)實習地點:國家晶片系統設計中心
(三)實習導師:林貴城 副研究員
(四)參與動機:提前認識職場環境、學習類比
IC設計流程與相關知識
實習單位簡介
隸屬財團人國家實驗研究院
位於「新竹市科學園區展業一路26號」(奈米
電子研究大樓)7-10樓
成立宗旨:「培育積體電路晶片及系統設計人
才、提昇積體電路晶片及系統設計技術」
晶片及系統設計
晶片製作及測試
教育訓練及推廣
實習內容
題目:感測器無線傳輸模組整合與驗證
主要目標:完成射頻前端接收端電路
(包含LNA & Mixer)之設計與模擬
Tool:
Agilent - Advenced Design System(ADS)
References:CIC提供的RF相關課程、參考書
籍和論文
Courses
Full Custom IC Design Concepts
Design of RF CMOS IC
ADS Circuit
ADS Momentum
RF Measurement
Power Amplifier Design and simulation using
ADS
Reference Books
Bezad Razavi – RF Microelectronics / Printice
Hall,1998
Thomas H. Lee – The design of RadioFrequency Integrated Circuits / Cambridge
University Press,1998
Bezad Razavi – Design of Analog CMOS
Integrated Cirtuits / McGraw-Hill, 2001
A BRIEF
INTRODUCTION
TO RF RECEIVERS
Basic Architecture
Focus on these two!!
Antenna
Bypass
Filter
LNA
Mixer
Channel
Select
Filter
Oscillator
Low Noise Amplifier (LNA)
The first active building block in
a receiver, provide sufficient gain
Need to optimize noise figure(F)
Amplification
weak signal
Bypass
Filter
𝐹𝐿𝑁𝐴 =
𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑖 =
𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑜
𝑆𝑖
𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑜 =
𝑁𝑖
𝐺𝐿𝑁𝐴 𝑆𝑖
𝐺𝐿𝑁𝐴(𝑁𝑖 +𝑁𝑎𝑑𝑑 )
LNA
𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑖 = 1 +
𝑁𝑎𝑑𝑑
𝐹 −1
𝐹𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 1 + 𝐹𝐿𝑁𝐴 − 1 + 𝐺2
𝐿𝑁𝐴
𝑁𝑖
𝐹3 −1
𝐿𝑁𝐴 𝐺2
+𝐺
+…
It’s why noise figure is so important here.
Simulation Results
S-parameters and Noise figure
Gain
NoiseFigure
freq= 2.510GHz
freq= 2.510GHz
dB(S(2,1))=12.818 nf(2)=0.914
Gain and Noise Figure of LNA
at frequency - 2510 MHz
15
Gain
S11, S22 parameters and input/output impedence
Input
freq=2.510GHz
S(1,1)=0.297 / 64.211
impedance = 54.949 + j32.180
Output
freq=2.510GHz
S(2,2)=0.226 / 54.631
impedance = 60.111 + j23.396
5
Input
Output
NoiseFigure
0
S(2,2)
S(1,1)
nf(2)
dB(S(2,1))
10
-5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
freq, GHz
freq (1.000GHz to 5.000GHz)
Mixer
Use Down-Conversion mixer to convert RF
signal to IF signal.
Basic Principle: time-domain multiplication
1
𝐴𝑅𝐹 cos 𝜔𝑅𝐹 𝑡 ∙ 𝐴𝐿𝑂 cos 𝜔𝐿𝑂 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑅𝐹 𝐴𝐿𝑂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝑹𝑭 − 𝝎𝑳𝑶 𝒕 + cos 𝜔𝑅𝐹 + 𝜔𝐿𝑂 𝑡
2
Design : switching(multiply a square wave)
𝐴𝑅𝐹 cos 𝜔𝑅𝐹 𝑡 ∙ 𝐴𝐿𝑂
𝟐
2
2
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝑳𝑶 𝒕 −
cos 3𝜔𝐿𝑂 +
cos 5𝜔𝐿𝑂 …
𝝅
3𝜋
5𝜋
ωRF
Mixer
ωLO
Channel
ωIF
Select
Filter
ωIF=ωRF-ωLO
Simulation Results
Conversion gain
Linearity
Output spectrum at RF power -50 dBm
FundamentalTone
freq= 69.95MHz
dBm(a9_IP3..Vif)=-46.777
ThirdOrderTone
freq= 69.85MHz
dBm(a9_IP3..Vif)=-140.333
0
FundamentalTone
-50
dBm(a9_IP3..Vif)
Conversion Gain of Mixer
with RF freq=2510 MHz and IF freq 70 MHz
ConvGain
freq= 70.00MHz
dBm(Vif)-RF_Power=6.212
-100
ThirdOrderTone
-150
-200
50
-250
-300
0
69.0
69.5
70.0
70.5
71.0
freq, MHz
-50
Fundamental tone and Thrid-order tone
versus RF power
-100
20
0
-150
-20
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
freq, GHz
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Pif_toi_dBm
Pif_dBm
dBm(Vif)-RF_Power
ConvGain
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
-160
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
RF_Power
-15
-10
-5
0
ADS電路圖
Simulation:
Gain
1dB compression
IIP3
Noise Figure
Simulation Results
system simulation – using 2510 MHz input
signal with power -50 dBm
Gain
20
Gain
RF_freq=2.510E9
IF_gain=16.608
10
0
IF_gain
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
1.0E9
1.5E9
2.0E9
2.5E9
3.0E9
RF_freq
3.5E9
4.0E9
4.5E9
5.0E9
實習收穫
EDA tools:ADS(&Momentum), Hspice and
Cadence ICFB
Concepts of RFIC and 4 basic building blocks
of a transceiver - LNA, Mixer, VCO and PA
Design considerations and simulation
methods
心得感想
瞭解到自己對這個領域真的有興趣
IC設計是一個很廣、很有趣的一門學問
還有太多需要學習的
建議事項
找到自己會覺得有趣的題目
以學習為最終目的
保持積極的態度,主動學習
實習後對未來之生涯規劃、期許及目標
照著原本規劃的方式修課
盡可能多學一些,並持續在學習過程中
發掘自己的興趣
盡可能學以致用,讓接下來的實作專題
能表得更好
以成為一個出色的IC設計者為目標