Transcript File

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by
Barbara Heard,
Atlantic Cape Community
College
CHAPTER
10
The
Muscular
System:
Part B
© Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Joint
• Nine muscles cross shoulder joint; insert
on and move humerus
• Some originate from scapula; others from
axial skeleton
• Actions include flexion, extension,
adduction
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Joint
• Three prime movers of arm
– Pectoralis major
– Latissimus dorsi
– Deltoid
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Joint
• Rotator cuff muscles act as synergists and
fixators; originate on scapula; reinforce
shoulder capsule; prevent dislocation
– Supraspinatus
– Infraspinatus
– Teres minor
– Subscapularis
• Coracobrachialis and teres major synergists
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.15a Muscles crossing the shoulder and elbow joints, causing movements of the
arm and forearm, respectively.
Clavicle
Deltoid
Sternum
Pectoralis
major
Coracobrachialis
Triceps brachii:
Lateral head
Long head
Medial head
Biceps
brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior view
Figure 10.15b Muscles crossing the shoulder and elbow joints, causing movements of the
arm and forearm, respectively.
Supraspinatus*
Spine of scapula
Deltoid (cut)
Greater tubercle
of humerus
Infraspinatus*
Teres minor*
Teres major
Triceps brachii:
Lateral head
Long head
Latissimus dorsi
Humerus
Olecranon
of ulna
Anconeus
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Posterior view
Table 10.12 Summary: Actions of Muscles Acting on the Arm, Forearm, and Hand (1 of 3)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Muscles Crossing the Elbow Joint
• Anterior flexor muscles
– Brachialis and biceps brachii—chief
forearm flexors
– Brachioradialis—synergist and stabilizer
PLAY
A&P Flix™: The elbow joint and forearm: An overview
PLAY
A&P Flix™: Muscles of the elbow joint (a)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.15a Muscles crossing the shoulder and elbow joints, causing movements of the
arm and forearm, respectively.
Clavicle
Deltoid
Sternum
Pectoralis
major
Coracobrachialis
Triceps brachii:
Lateral head
Long head
Medial head
Biceps
brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior view
Muscles Crossing the Elbow Joint
• Posterior extensor muscles
– Triceps brachii—prime mover of forearm
extension
– Anconeus—weak synergist
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.15b Muscles crossing the shoulder and elbow joints, causing movements of the
arm and forearm, respectively.
Supraspinatus*
Spine of scapula
Deltoid (cut)
Greater tubercle
of humerus
Infraspinatus*
Teres minor*
Teres major
Triceps brachii:
Lateral head
Long head
Latissimus dorsi
Humerus
Olecranon
of ulna
Anconeus
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Posterior view
Figure 10.18a Summary: Actions of muscles of the arm and forearm.
Key:
Extensors
Flexors
Others
Lateral
head
Triceps
brachii
Posterior compartment of arm
(extends elbow); innervated by
radial nerve
Long
head
Medial
head
Humerus
Brachialis
Short head
Long head
Biceps brachii
Muscles of the arm
PLAY
A&P Flix™: Movement at the elbow joint
Anterior compartment of arm
(flexes elbow); innervated by
musculocutaneous nerve
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 10.12 Summary: Actions of Muscles Acting on the Arm, Forearm, and Hand (2 of 3)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Muscles of the Forearm
• Actions - movements of wrist, fingers,
thumb, pronation, supination
• Most anterior muscles – flexors; insert via
flexor retinaculum
• Most posterior muscles – extensors; insert
via extensor retinaculum
PLAY
A&P Flix™: Muscles that act on the wrist
and fingers: An overview
PLAY
A&P Flix™: Muscles of the forearm (a)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Muscles of the Forearm
• Pronator teres and pronator quadratus
pronate forearm
• Supinator - synergist with biceps brachii
in forearm supination
PLAY
A&P Flix™: Muscles of the forearm (b)
PLAY
A&P Flix™: Muscles of the forearm (c)
PLAY
A&P Flix™: Pronator teres
PLAY
A&P Flix™: Supinator
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee Joints
• Most anterior muscles flex femur at hip,
extend leg at knee (foreswing of walking)
• Most posterior muscles extend thigh, flex
leg (backswing of walking)
• Medial muscles all adduct thigh
• All three groups enclosed by fascia lata
PLAY
A&P Flix™: Muscles that act on the hip joint and femur:
An overview
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Movements of the Thigh
• Include flexion, extension, abduction,
adduction, circumduction, and rotation
• Thigh flexors pass in front of hip joint
– Iliopsoas (iliacus and psoas major) - prime
mover of flexion
– Tensor fasciae latae
– Rectus femoris
– Assisted by medial adductors and sartorius
PLAY
A&P Flix™: Anterior muscles that cross the hip joint
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.20a Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg.
12th rib
Quadratus lumborum
Psoas minor
Iliac crest
Psoas major
Iliopsoas
Iliacus
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Tensor fasciae latae
Pectineus
Sartorius
Quadriceps femoris
• Rectus femoris
• Vastus lateralis
• Vastus medialis
12th thoracic
vertebra
5th lumbar
vertebra
Adductor longus
Gracilis
Adductor magnus
Tendon of
quadriceps femoris
Patella
Patellar
ligament
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Movements of the Thigh
• Thigh extensors
– Hamstring muscles - prime movers of
extension
•
•
•
•
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Gluteus maximus – assists hamstrings in forceful
thigh extension
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.21a Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.
Gluteus medius
Gluteus
maximus
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Iliotibial tract
Long head
Biceps
Short head femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hamstrings
Movements of the Thigh
• Adductors (also medially rotate thigh)
– Adductor magnus
– Adductor longus
– Adductor brevis
– Pectineus
– Gracilis
PLAY
A&P Flix™: Medial muscles that cross the hip joint
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.20b Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg.
Pectineus
(cut)
Adductor
brevis
Adductor
longus
O
O
Adductor
magnus
I
I
I
Femur
O = origin
Ι = insertion
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
PLAY
A&P Flix™: Pectineus
Movements of the Thigh
• Abductors
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gluteus maximus (also laterally rotates thigh)
Gluteus medius (also medially rotates thigh)
Gluteus minimus (also medially rotates thigh)
Piriformis (also laterally rotates thigh)
Obturator externus (also laterally rotates thigh)
Obturator internus (also laterally rotates thigh)
Gemellus (also laterally rotates thigh)
PLAY
A&P Flix™: Posterior muscles that cross the hip joint
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.21c Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.
Gluteus medius
(cut)
Gluteus minimus
Superior
gemellus
Obturator
internus
Inferior
gemellus
Piriformis
Obturator
externus
Quadratus
femoris
Gluteus maximus
(cut)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Muscles of the Thigh that Move the Knee
Joint
• Quadriceps femoris—sole extensor of
knee
• Hamstring muscles—flex knee;
antagonists to quadriceps femoris
PLAY
A&P Flix™: Muscles that cross the knee joint: An overview.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.20a Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg.
12th rib
Quadratus lumborum
Psoas minor
Iliac crest
Psoas major
Iliopsoas
Iliacus
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Tensor fasciae latae
Pectineus
Sartorius
Quadriceps femoris
• Rectus femoris
• Vastus lateralis
• Vastus medialis
PLAY
A&P Flix™: Movement at
the hip joint
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
12th thoracic
vertebra
5th lumbar
vertebra
Adductor longus
Gracilis
Adductor magnus
Tendon of
quadriceps femoris
Patella
Patellar
ligament
Figure 10.21a Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.
Gluteus medius
Gluteus
maximus
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Iliotibial tract
Long head
Biceps
Short head femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
PLAY
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hamstrings
A&P Flix™: Movement at the
hip joint
Figure 10.21b Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.
External
oblique
Iliac
crest
Lumbar
fascia
Gluteus
medius
Median
sacral
crest
(of sacrum)
Gluteus
maximus
Iliotibial
tract
Adductor
magnus
Gracilis
Biceps
femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Muscles of the Anterior Compartment of
the Leg
• Primary toe extensors and ankle
dorsiflexors
– Tibialis anterior
– Extensor digitorum longus
– Extensor hallucis longus
– Fibularis tertius (not always present)
PLAY
A&P Flix™: Anterior muscles that act on the ankle and foot
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.22a Muscles of the anterior compartment of the right leg.
Fibularis longus
Tibia
Gastrocnemius
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Soleus
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius
Superior and inferior
extensor retinacula
Extensor hallucis brevis
Extensor digitorum
brevis
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Muscles of the Lateral Compartment of
the Leg
• Plantar flexion and eversion of the foot;
stabilize lateral ankle and lateral
longitudinal arch of foot
• Fibularis longus
• Fibularis brevis
PLAY
A&P Flix™: Lateral muscles that act on the ankle and foot
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.23a Muscles of the lateral compartment of the right leg.
Patella
Head of fibula
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Fibularis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Tibialis anterior
Fibularis brevis
Flexor hallucis
longus
Fibular retinaculum
Lateral malleolus
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius
Superior and inferior
extensor retinacula
Extensor hallucis
brevis
Extensor digitorum
brevis
Metatarsal V
Muscles of the Posterior Compartment of
the Leg
• Plantar flex ankle
– Gastrocnemius
– Soleus
– Plantaris
– Popliteus
– Flexor digitorum longus
– Flexor hallucis longus
– Tibialis posterior
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.24a Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg.
Plantaris
Gastrocnemius Medial head
Lateral head
Tendon of
gastrocnemius
Calcaneal
tendon
Medial
malleolus
Lateral malleolus
Calcaneus
Superficial view of the posterior leg.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.24c Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg.
Plantaris (cut)
Gastrocnemius
medial head
(cut)
Flexor digitorum
longus
Tendon of
tibialis posterior
Medial
malleolus
Calcaneal
tendon (cut)
Gastrocnemius
lateral head (cut)
Popliteus
Soleus (cut)
Tibialis posterior
Fibula
Fibularis
longus
Flexor hallucis
longus
Fibularis brevis
Calcaneus
The triceps surae has been removed to show the
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. deep muscles of the posterior compartment.
Major Actions of Muscles Acting on the
Thigh, Leg, and Foot
• Summary of major actions of muscles
acting on thigh, leg, and foot next five
slides
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.26a Summary: Actions of muscles of the thigh and leg.
Adductors Hamstrings
Vastus
lateralis
Femur
Posterior compartment of
thigh (flexes leg and extends
thigh); innervated by tibial nerve
(portion of sciatic nerve)
Vastus
intermedius
Rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
Key:
Posterior
compartment
muscles
Anterior
compartment
muscles
Medial
compartment
muscles of thigh
and lateral
compartment
muscles of leg
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior compartment of thigh
(extends leg); innervated by femoral
nerve
Muscles of the thigh
Medial compartment of thigh
(adducts thigh); innervated by
obturator nerve
Figure 10.26b Summary: Actions of muscles of the thigh and leg.
Triceps surae
Fibula
Fibularis
muscles
Key:
Posterior
compartment
muscles
Anterior
compartment
muscles
Tibialis
anterior
Lateral compartment of leg
(plantar flexes and everts foot);
innervated by superficial
fibular nerve
Muscles of the leg
Medial
compartment
muscles of thigh
and lateral
compartment
muscles of leg
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Posterior compartment
of leg
(plantar flexes foot, flexes
toes);
innervated by tibial nerve
Tibia
Anterior compartment of leg
(dorsiflexes foot, extends toes);
innervated by deep fibular nerve