Transcript muscle anatomy

Skeletal Muscles: Functional Groups
1. Agonist = Prime mover - Provides the
major force for producing a specific
movement
2. Antagonist - Opposes or reverses a
particular movement
3. Synergist – Works together with a prime
mover to add force or control
4. Fixator – Synergist that immobilizes a bone
that is a muscle’s origin
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
• Location of attachments—named according to
the bones to which they attach
• Location—bone or body region close to the
muscle
• Action—e.g., flexor or extensor, muscles that
flex or extend, respectively
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
• Shape—e.g., deltoid muscle (deltoid =
triangle)
• Relative size—e.g., maximus (largest),
minimus (smallest), longus (long)
• Number of origins—e.g., biceps (2 origins)
and triceps (3 origins)
• Direction of fibers or fascicles—e.g., rectus
(fibers run straight), transversus, and oblique
(fibers run at angles to an defined axis)
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Figure 10.1 Patterns of fascicle arrangement in muscles.
(a)
(b)
(g)
(f)
(a) Circular
(orbicularis oris)
(c)
(e)
(c) Parallel
(sartorius)
(d)
(e) Bipennate
(rectus femoris)
(f) Fusiform
(biceps brachii)
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(b) Convergent
(pectoralis major)
(d) Unipennate
(extensor
digitorum
longus)
(g) Multipennate
(deltoid)
Figure 6.2 Major skeletal muscle groups and their functions. (1 of 2)
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Figure 6.2 Major skeletal muscle groups and their functions. (2 of 2)
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Figure 10.5 Posterior view of superficial muscles of the body.
Arm
Forearm
Hip
Gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus
Thigh
Leg
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Figure 10.6 Lateral view of muscles of the scalp, face, and neck.
Epicranius
Aponeurosis
Frontal belly
Orbicularis oculi
Zygomaticus
minor and major
Buccinator
Orbicularis oris
Platysma
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Occipital
belly
Temporalis
Masseter
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Figure 10.8a Muscles of the anterior neck and throat that promote swallowing.
Digastric
Anterior
belly
Posterior
belly
Thyroid gland
(a)
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Hyoid bone
Sternocleidomastoid
Figure 10.9a Muscles of the neck and vertebral column causing movements of the head and trunk.
1st cervical
vertebra
Sternocleidomastoid
(a) Anterior
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Base of
occipital bone
Mastoid
process
Middle
scalene
Anterior
scalene
Posterior
scalene
Figure 10.10a Muscles of respiration.
External
intercostal
(a)
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Internal
intercostal
Figure 10.10b Muscles of respiration.
Xiphoid process of sternum
Foramen for inferior
vena cava
Central
tendon of
diaphragm
Foramen
for aorta
Foramen for
esophagus
Costal cartilage
Diaphragm
Lumbar
vertebra
12th rib
(b)
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Psoas major
Figure 10.11a Muscles of the abdominal wall.
Pectoralis major
Serratus anterior
Transversus abdominis
Internal oblique
External oblique
aponeurosis
(a)
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Rectus
abdominis
Figure 10.11b Muscles of the abdominal wall.
Rectus
abdominis
Internal
oblique
External
oblique
IIiac crest
Pubic
tubercle
Transversus
abdominis
(b)
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Lumbar
fascia
Lumbar
fascia
Figure 10.13a Superficial muscles of the thorax and shoulder acting on the scapula and arm.
Sternocleidomastoid
Deltoid
Pectoralis
major
Sternum
Biceps brachii
(a)
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Clavicle
Serratus anterior
Humerus
Figure 10.13c Superficial muscles of the thorax and shoulder acting on the scapula and arm.
Trapezius
Clavicle
Deltoid
Spine of
scapula
Humerus
Latissimus
dorsi
(c)
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Figure 10.14b Muscles crossing the shoulder and elbow joint, causing movements of the arm and forearm,
respectively.
Spine of scapula
Deltoid (cut)
Greater tubercle
of humerus
Triceps brachii:
Lateral head
Long head
Latissimus dorsi
Humerus
Olecranon process
of ulna
(b) Posterior view
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Figure 10.14c Muscles crossing the shoulder and elbow joint, causing movements of the arm and forearm,
respectively.
Biceps
brachii
Long head
Short head
O = origin
I = insertion
(c)
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Figure 10.15a Muscles of the anterior fascial compartment of the forearm acting on the right wrist and fingers.
Flexor digitorum s..
Flexor p.. l..
Flexor c.. u..
Extensor c.. r... l..
Flexor c.. r..
Medial epicondyle
of humerus
(a)
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Figure 10.16a Muscles of the posterior fascial compartment of the right forearm acting on the wrist and fingers.
Extensor p.. l..
Extensor p.. b..
Extensor i..
Extensor d.. m..
Extensor c.. u..
Extensor digitorum
Extensor c.. r.. b..
Extensor c.. r.. l..
(a)
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Flexor c.. u..
Figure 10.17a Summary of actions of muscles of the arm and forearm.
Triceps
brachii
Lateral
head
Long
head
Medial
head
Humerus
Extensors
Flexors
Posterior
compartment
of arm (extends
elbow)
{Brachialis}
Others
Short head
Biceps brachii
Long head
(a)
(a) Muscles of the arm
Anterior compartment
of arm (flexes elbow)
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Figure 10.17b Summary of actions of muscles of the arm and forearm.
Posterior compartment of forearm
(extends wrist and fingers)
Extensors
Radius
Ulna
Others
Flexors
(b) Muscles of the forearm
(b)
Extensors
Flexors
Others
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Anterior compartment
of forearm (flexes wrist
and fingers)
Figure 10.19a Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg.
12th rib
Iliac crest
Psoas major
Iliopsoas
Iliacus
12th thoracic vertebra
5th lumbar vertebra
Anterior superior iliac spine
Sartorius
Adductor longus
Quadriceps femoris
• Rectus femoris
• Vastus lateralis
• Vastus medialis
Patella
(a)
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Figure 10.19b Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg.
Adductor
longus
Femur
(b)
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O = origin
I = insertion
Figure 10.19c Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg.
muscles of
Quadriceps group
Vastus
lateralis
Vastus
intermedius
Vastus
medialis
(c)
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O = origin
I = insertion
Rectus femoris
(tendon cut)
Patella
Patellar
ligament
Figure 10.20a Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.
Gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus
Long head Biceps
Short head femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
(a)
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Hamstrings
Figure 10.21b Muscles of the anterior compartment of the right leg.
Tibialis anterior
O = origin
I = insertion
(b)
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Figure 10.22a Muscles of the lateral compartment of the right leg.
Patella
Head of fibula
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Fibularis longus
Tibialis anterior
Lateral malleolus
(a)
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Figure 10.22b Muscles of the lateral compartment of the right leg.
O = origin
I = insertion
Fibularis
longus
(b)
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Tendon of fibularis longus
Figure 10.23a Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg.
Gastrocnemius Medial head
Lateral head
Tendon of
gastrocnemius
Calcaneal tendon
(Achilles)
Calcaneus
(a) Superficial view of the posterior leg.
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Figure 10.25a Summary of actions of muscles of the thigh and leg.
Adductors
Hamstrings
Vastus
lateralis
Femur
Posterior compartment of
thigh (flexes leg and extends
thigh)
Vastus
intermedius
(a)
Rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
Posterior
compartment
muscles
Anterior
compartment
muscle
Medial
compartment
muscles of thigh
and lateral
compartment
muscles of leg
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Anterior compartment (extends leg)
(a) Muscles of the thigh
Medial compartment (adducts
thigh)
Figure 10.25b Summary of actions of muscles of the thigh and leg.
Posterior
compartment
muscles
Gastrocnemius and soleus
Anterior
compartment
muscle
Fibula
Medial
compartment
muscles of thigh
and lateral
compartment
muscles of leg
Fibularis
muscles
Posterior compartment
of leg (plantar flexes foot,
flexes toes)
(b)
Tibialis
anterior
Tibia
Lateral compartment of leg
(plantar flexes and everts foot);
innervation
(b) Muscles of the leg
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Anterior compartment of leg
(dorsiflexes foot, extends toes)
Figure 15.3a Extrinsic eye muscles.
Superior oblique
muscle
Superior oblique
tendon
Superior rectus
muscle
Lateral rectus
muscle
Inferior rectus
Inferior oblique
muscle
muscle
(a) Lateral view of the right eye
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Figure 15.3b Extrinsic eye muscles.
Trochlea
Superior oblique
muscle
Superior oblique
tendon
Superior rectus
muscle
Inferior
rectus muscle
Medial
rectus muscle
Lateral
rectus muscle
(b) Superior view of the right eye
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