Transcript Shelmerdine Chapter 27
C.W. Shelmerdine
Introduction to Greek
2
nd
edition
(Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)
Chapter 27
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
1. Sequence of moods 2. Purpose (final) clauses 3. Future participle to express purpose 4. οἶδα 5. Irregular strong aorists 6. Supplementary participles in indirect statement 7. Indirect statement with ὅτι or ὡς
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
1. Sequence of moods
2. Purpose (final) clauses 3. Future participle to express purpose 4. οἶδα 5. Irregular strong aorists 6. Supplementary participles in indirect statement 7. Indirect statement with ὅτι or ὡς
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
• •
1. Sequence of moods
Recall that tenses in Greek can be divided into “primary” and “secondary.” – – Primary tenses are the present and future. Secondary tenses are the imperfect and aorist. Recall also that the subjunctive mood uses primary endings and the optative mood uses secondary endings.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
• •
1. Sequence of moods
Generally the subjunctive mood is associated with primary tenses and the optative mood with secondary tenses. This association is known as the “sequence of moods.”
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
• •
1. Sequence of moods
The “sequence of moods” means that if a main clause has a verb in a primary tense, then clauses dependent on it will tend to be in the subjunctive. Likewise, if a main clause has a verb in a secondary tense, then clauses dependent on it will tend to be in the optative.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
1. Sequence of moods
2. Purpose (final) clauses
3. Future participle to express purpose 4. οἶδα 5. Irregular strong aorists 6. Supplementary participles in indirect statement 7. Indirect statement with ὅτι or ὡς
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
• •
2. Purpose (final) clauses
This chapter introduces ways to express purpose in ancient Greek. A purpose clause (also called a “ final ” clause), as its name suggests, refers to an action which is the purpose of some other action.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
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2. Purpose (final) clauses
– English has several ways to express purpose : We sent the messengers so that they would tell the truth to the king. – We sent the messengers in order to tell the truth to the king. – We sent the messengers to tell the truth to the king.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
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2. Purpose (final) clauses
Greek likewise has several equivalent ways to express purpose. The most basic way is to introduce the purpose clause with ἵνα , ὅπως , or ὡς . Different authors prefer different conjunctions, but there is no difference in meaning or translation.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
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2. Purpose (final) clauses
By rule, the verb in a purpose clause changes mood from the indicative. There are ways to form purpose clauses with verbs in the subjunctive/optative, infinitive, and participle moods.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
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2. Purpose (final) clauses
Following the conjunctions ἵνα , ὅπως , or ὡς , the verb of the purpose clause will become – subjunctive or optative . Following a verb in a primary tense, the verb in the purpose clause becomes subjunctive . – Following a verb in a secondary tense, the verb in the purpose clause generally becomes optative .
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
2. Purpose (final) clauses
• • – πέμπομεν τοὺς ἀγγέλους ἵνα τἀληθῆ λέγωσιν . ( ὅπως ) τῷ βασιλεῖ We send the messengers to tell the truth to the king.
– ἐπέμψαμεν τοὺς ἀγγέλους ἵνα τἀληθῆ λέγοιεν . ( ὅπως ) τῷ βασιλεῖ We sent the messengers to tell the truth to the king.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
1. Sequence of moods 2. Purpose (final) clauses
3. Future participle to express purpose
4. οἶδα 5. Irregular strong aorists 6. Supplementary participles in indirect statement 7. Indirect statement with ὅτι or ὡς
Shelmerdine Chapter 26
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3. Future participle to express purpose
The future participle also expresses purpose. Since this is a circumstantial use, it will appear in the predicate position. Remember that any participle modifies its own subject.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
3. Future participle to express purpose
• • – πέμπομεν τοὺς ἀγγέλους λέξοντας βασιλεῖ τἀληθῆ. τῷ We send the messengers to tell the truth to the king.
– ἐπέμψαμεν τοὺς ἀγγέλους λέξοντας βασιλεῖ τἀληθῆ. τῷ We sent the messengers to tell the truth to the king.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
1. Sequence of moods 2. Purpose (final) clauses 3. Future participle to express purpose
4. οἶδα
5. Irregular strong aorists 6. Supplementary participles in indirect statement 7. Indirect statement with ὅτι or ὡς
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
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4. οἶδα
The verb
οἶδα
is, historically, the perfect of the lost verb
*εἴδω
“see” but in practice serves as the present of “know” (“have seen” “know”). The regular, but deponent, future of this verb,
εἴσομαι
, means “will know.” The aorist
εἶδον
(which serves as the aorist of
ὁράω
“see,”) comes from this same verb.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
• οἶδ α • οἶσθ α • οἶδ ε(ν) • ἴσ μεν • ἴσ τε • ἴσ ασι(ν) • ᾔδ η/ ᾔδ ειν • ᾔδ ησθα/ ᾔδ εις • ᾔδ ει(ν) • ᾖσ μεν/ ᾔδ εμεν • ᾖσ τε/ ᾔδ ετε • ᾖσ αν/ ᾔδ εσαν
Present/Perfect Tense Imperfect/Pluperfect Tense
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
• εἰδ ῶ • εἰδ ῇς • εἰδ ῇ • εἰδ ῶμεν • εἰδ ῆτε • εἰδ ῶσι (ν) • εἰδ είην • εἰδ είης • εἰδ είη • εἰδ εῖμεν /εἰδ είημεν • εἰδ εῖτε /εἰδ είητε • εἰδ εῖεν /εἰδ είησαν
Subjunctive Mood Optative Mood
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
• imperatives – ἴσ θι, ἴσ τε – ἴσ τω, ἴσ των • infinitive – εἰδ έναι • participle – εἰδ ώς, εἰδ υῖα, εἰδ ός
Other moods
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
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4. οἶδα
In Moodle is a pdf entitled “Verbs of Seeing and Knowing in Ancient Greek” which lays out the various verbs of seeing and knowing in different tenses.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
1. Sequence of moods 2. Purpose (final) clauses 3. Future participle to express purpose 4. οἶδα
5. Irregular strong aorists
6. Supplementary participles in indirect statement 7. Indirect statement with ὅτι or ὡς
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
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5. Irregular strong aorists
Two common verbs are – μι verbs only in the aorist • • tense. – This means they add their personal endings ( ν , ς , *, μεν , τε , σαν ) directly to their stem. βάινω “walk” has the aorist stem – βη – (shortened to βα – in the optative). γιγνώσκω “know, recognize” has the aorist stem – γνω – (shortened to γνο – in the optative).
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
• ἔ βη ν • ἔ βη ς • ἔ βη • ἔ βη μεν • ἔ βη τε • ἔ βη σαν • ἔ γνω ν • ἔ γνω ς • ἔ γνω • ἔ γνω μεν • ἔ γνω τε • ἔ γνω σαν
Aorist Indicative
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
• β ῶ • β ῇς • β ῇ • β ῶμεν • β ῆτε • β ῶσι • γν ῶ • γν ῷς • γν ῷ • γν ῶμεν • γν ῶτε • γν ῶσι
Aorist Subjunctive
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
• βα ίην • βα ίης • βα ίη • βα ῖμεν • βα ῖτε • βα ῖεν • γνο ίην • γνο ίης • γνο ίη • γνο ῖμεν • γνο ῖτε • γνο ῖεν
Aorist Optative
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
• imperatives – βῆ θι, βῆ τε – βή τω, βάν των • infinitive – βῆ ναι • participle – βά ς, βᾶ σα, βά ν • imperatives – γνῶ θι, γνῶ τε – γνώ τω, γνόν των • infinitive – γνῶ ναι • participle – γνού ς, γνοῦ σα, γνό ν
Other moods
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
1. Sequence of moods 2. Purpose (final) clauses 3. Future participle to express purpose 4. οἶδα 5. Irregular strong aorists
6. Supplementary participles in indirect statement
7. Indirect statement with ὅτι or ὡς
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
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6. Supplementary participles in indirect statement
Verbs which mean “show” (e.g.,
δηλόω
) “know” (e.g.,
οἶδα
), or refer to perception by the senses (e.g.,
ὁράω
“see,”
ἀκούω
“hear”) generally set up indirect statements with
participles
.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
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6. Supplementary participles in indirect statement
As always, the participle modifies its own subject (the subject of the indirect statement). • • – οἱ στρατιῶται ἐρχόμενοι . αἰσθάνονται τάχιστα The soldiers sense that they are coming very quickly.
– οἱ στρατιῶται αἰσθάνονται τάχιστα ἐρχομένους . τοὺς πολεμίους The soldiers sense that the enemy come very quickly.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
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6. Supplementary participles in indirect statement
• • Remember that English sometimes backshifts the tense in indirect statement, but Greek does not.
– οἱ στρατιῶται ὁρῶσι ἐρχομένους . The soldiers see τοὺς πολεμίους τάχιστα that the enemy are coming very quickly.
– οἱ στρατιῶται ὥρων ἐρχομένους . The soldiers saw τοὺς πολεμίους τάχιστα that the enemy were coming very quickly.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
1. Sequence of moods 2. Purpose (final) clauses 3. Future participle to express purpose 4. οἶδα 5. Irregular strong aorists 6. Supplementary participles in indirect statement
7. Indirect statement with ὅτι or ὡς
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
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7. Indirect statement with ὅτι or ὡς
Verbs which mean “say,” (e.g.,
λέγω
,
εἶπον
), and sometimes other verbs, set up indirect statement with the conjunctions
ὅτι
or
ὡς
, much as English uses “that.”
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
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7. Indirect statement with ὅτι
The conjunctions
ὅτι
or
ὡς or ὡς
do not require a – change of mood. οἱ στρατιῶται λέγουσιν τάχιστα ἦλθον.
ὅτι
οἱ πολέμιοι The soldiers say that the enemy came very quickly.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
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7. Indirect statement with ὅτι or ὡς
Remember that English sometimes backshifts • • the tense in indirect statement, but Greek does – not.
οἱ στρατιῶται λέγουσιν ὅτι τάχιστα ἔρχονται . The soldiers say that οἱ πολέμιοι the enemy is coming very – quickly.
οἱ στρατιῶται εἷπον ὅτι τάχιστα ἔρχονται . The soldiers said that οἱ πολέμιοι the enemy came very quickly.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
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7. Indirect statement with ὅτι or ὡς
When a verb in a secondary tense (imperfect, • • aorist, pluperfect) sets up indirect statement, the verb in indirect statement can change to the – optative . οἱ στρατιῶται εἷπον τάχιστα ἔρχονται . οἱ στρατιῶται εἷπον τάχιστα ἔρχοιντο . ὅτι οἱ πολέμιοι ὅτι οἱ πολέμιοι The soldiers said that the enemy came very quickly.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
for next class (Tuesday, March 29, 2011): • Quiz: Chapter 27 Vocabulary. – omit Ἀριστογόρας • Biblical Reading
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
Ὡς δὲ οἱ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἄγγελοι ἀφίκοντο εἰς τὰς Συρακούσας, τῷ Γέλωνι ἔλεγον τάδε· Ἔπεμψαν ἡμᾶς οἵ τε Λακεδαιμόνιοι καὶ οἱ Ἀθηαναῖοι καὶ οἱ τούτων σύμμαχοι, παραληψομένους σε πρὸς τὸν βάρβαρον· οἶσθα γὰρ ὅτι ὁ Πέρσης ἀνὴρ μέλλει, διαβὰς τὸν Ἑλλήσποντον ἐπαγαγὼν πάντα τὸν ἑαυτοῦ στρατὸν ἐκ τῆς Ἀσίας, στρατεύσειν ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα. ὡς δέ σοι, τῷ τῆς Σικελὶας ἄρχοντι, μοῖρά ἐστιν οὐκ ἐλαχίστη τῆς Ἑλλάδος, βοήθει τοῖς τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἐλευθεροῦσι καὶ ἅμα ἐλευθέρου σεαυτόν· νικθέντων γὰρ ἡμῶν, καὶ σὺ νικηθήσει.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
Ὡς δὲ οἱ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἄγγελοι ἀφίκοντο εἰς τὰς Συρακούσας, τῷ Γέλωνι ἔλεγον τάδε · Ἔπεμψαν ἡμᾶς οἵ τε Λακεδαιμόνιοι καὶ καὶ οἱ Ἀθηαναῖοι οἱ τούτων σύμμαχοι, παραληψομένους σε πρὸς τὸν βάρβαρον· οἶσθα γὰρ ὅτι ὁ Πέρσης ἀνὴρ μέλλει , διαβὰς τὸν Ἑλλήσποντον ἐπαγαγὼν πάντα τὸν ἑαυτοῦ στρατὸν ἐκ τῆς Ἀσίας, στρατεύσειν ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
ὡς δέ σοι, τῷ τῆς Σικελὶας ἄρχοντι, μοῖρά ἐστιν οὐκ ἐλαχίστη τῆς Ἑλλάδος, βοήθει τοῖς τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἐλευθεροῦσι καὶ ἅμα ἐλευθέρου σεαυτόν· νικθέντων καὶ σὺ γὰρ ἡμῶν, νικηθήσει .
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
ὁ δὲ Γέλων ἀπεκρίνατο· Ἄνδρες Ἕλληνες, ἐτολμήσατε μὲν δεῦρο ἐλθεῖν, ὅπως ἐμὲ σύμμαχον ἐπὶ τὸν βάρβαρον παρακαλέσαιτε· αὐτοὶ δέ, ὅτε ἐμοὶ πρὸς τοὺς Καρχηδονίους πόλεμος ἦν, οὐκ ἤλθετε ὡς βοηθήσοντες. νῦν δέ ἐπεὶ ὁ πόλεμος ἀφικνεῖται εἰς ὑμᾶς, πρὸς τὸν Γέλωνα ἔρχεσθε. ἀτιμηθεὶς δὲ ὑφ' ὑμῶν, οὐχ ὑμᾶς ἀτιμήσω, ἀλλ' ἐτοῖμός εἰμι βοηθεῖν, παρέχων διακοσίας τριήρεις καὶ δισμυρίοις ὁπλίτας καὶ δισχιλίους ἱππέας αὐτὸς ὢν στρατηγός τε καὶ ἡγεμὼν τῶν Ἑλλήνων πρὸς τὸν βάρβαρον· ἐπὶ λόγῳ τούτῳ τάδε ὑφίσταμαι. ἐπ' ἄλλῳ δὲ λόγῳ οὔτ' ἂν αὐτὸς ἔλθοιμι οὔτ' ἄλλους πέμψαιμι.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
ὁ δὲ Γέλων ἀπεκρίνατο · Ἄνδρες Ἕλληνες, ἐτολμήσατε μὲν δεῦρο ἐλθεῖν , ὅπως ἐμὲ σύμμαχον ἐπὶ τὸν βάρβαρον παρακαλέσαιτε · αὐτοὶ δέ , ὅτε ἐμοὶ πρὸς τοὺς Καρχηδονίους πόλεμος ἦν , οὐκ ἤλθετε ὡς βοηθήσοντες. νῦν δέ ἐπεὶ ὁ πόλεμος ἀφικνεῖται εἰς ὑμᾶς, πρὸς τὸν Γέλωνα ἔρχεσθε .
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
ἀτιμηθεὶς δὲ ὑφ' ὑμῶν, οὐχ ὑμᾶς ἀτιμήσω , ἀλλ' ἐτοῖμός εἰμι βοηθεῖν , παρέχων διακοσίας τριήρεις καὶ δισμυρίοις ὁπλίτας καὶ δισχιλίους ἱππέας αὐτὸς ὢν στρατηγός τε καὶ ἡγεμὼν τῶν Ἑλλήνων πρὸς τὸν βάρβαρον· ἐπὶ λόγῳ τούτῳ τάδε ὑφίσταμαι . ἐπ' ἄλλῳ δὲ λόγῳ οὔτ' ἂν αὐτὸς ἔλθοιμι οὔτ' ἄλλους πέμψαιμι.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
9 καὶ εἶπεν τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ ἵνα πλοιάριον προσκαρτερῇ αὐτῷ διὰ τὸν ὄχλον ἵνα μὴ θλίβωσιν αὐτόν· 10 πολλοὺς γὰρ ἐθεράπευσεν, ὥστε ἐπιπίπτειν αὐτῷ ἵνα αὐτοῦ ἅψωνται ὅσοι εἶχον μάστιγας. 11 καὶ τὰ πνεύματα τὰ ἀκάθαρτα, ὅταν αὐτὸν ἐθεώρουν, προσέπιπτον αὐτῷ καὶ ἔκραζον λέγοντες ὅτι Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ. ἀκάθαρτος –ον ἅπτω +
gen
. unclean touch ἐπιπίπτω θεωρέω fall on notice, see θλίβω crush κράζω cry out μαθητής –οῦ ὁ μάστιξ –ιγος ἡ student, disciple whip, disease ὅσος –η –ον all who ὅταν whenever ὄχλος –ου ὁ crowd πλοιάριον –ου τό boat πνεῦμα –ατος τό προσκαρτερέω breath, spirit, life stand by, be ready προσπίπτω fall before υἱός, υἱοὑ ὁ son ὥστε + inf. with the result that (they)
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
12 καὶ πολλὰ ἐπετίμα αὐτοῖς ἵνα μὴ αὐτὸν φανερὸν ποιήσωσιν. 13 καὶ ἀναβαίνει εἰς τὸ ὄρος καὶ προσκαλεῖται οὓς ἤθελεν αὐτός, καὶ ἀπῆλθον πρὸς αὐτόν. 14 καὶ ἐποίησεν δώδεκα, [οὓς καὶ ἀποστόλους ὠνόμασεν,] ἵνα ὦσιν μετ’ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἵνα ἀποστέλλῃ αὐτοὺς κηρύσσειν 15 καὶ ἔχειν ἐξουσίαν ἐκβάλλειν τὰ δαιμόνια· ἀναβαίνω walk to ἀποστέλλω –στελῶ -έστειλα δαιμόνιον –ου τό demon ἐκβάλλω throw out ἐξουσία –ας ἡ authority send off ἐπτιμάω κηρύσσω order proclaim, preach ὀνομάζω name ὄρος –ους τό mountain προσκαλέω call for, invite φανερός –α –ον clear, revealed
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
16 [καὶ ἐποίησεν τοὺς δώδεκα,] καὶ ἐπέθηκεν ὄνομα τῷ Σίμωνι Πέτρον, 17 καὶ Ἰάκωβον τὸν τοῦ Ζεβεδαίου καὶ Ἰωάννην τὸν ἀδελφὸν τοῦ Ἰακώβου, καὶ ἐπέθηκεν αὐτοῖς ὀνόματα Βοανηργές, ὅ ἐστιν Υἱοὶ Βροντῆς· 18 καὶ Ἀνδρέαν καὶ Φίλιππον καὶ Βαρθολομαῖον καὶ Μαθθαῖον καὶ Θωμᾶν καὶ Ἰάκωβον τὸν τοῦ Ἁλφαίου καὶ Θαδδαῖον καὶ Σίμωνα τὸν Καναναῖον 19 καὶ Ἰούδαν Ἰσκαριώθ, ὃς καὶ παρέδωκεν αὐτόν.
(Κατὰ Μάρκον 3.9-19) βροντή -ῆς ἡ thunder ἐπιτίθημι –θήσω -έθηκα add on παραδίδωμι –δώσω -έδωκα hand over, betray
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
for next class (Wednesday, March 30, 2011): • Quiz: parsing on Chapter 27 Biblical Reading • Read Chapter 28