Transcript x,y
Handout Ch3 實習
微積分複習
2
dxn/dx=nxn-1
dC/dx=0
dlnx/dx=1/x
dex/dx=ex
dx/dy=0
∫xndx=(1/n+1)xn+1+C
∫exdx=ex+C
∫(1/x)dx=ln∣x ∣+C
Jia-Ying Chen
微積分笑話一
3
某天,一位同學和微積分教授說:
「教授啊,我今天心情很不好耶…」
教授就說:「那我用微積分來幫你卜卦看看好不好?」
於是,教授就要求同學隨意寫下兩個字,
同學雖然半信半疑,但是還是寫了「麻煩」二字。
教授看了之後,笑笑的說:「你一定是被爸媽罵了。」
同學大驚:「哇塞!教授,你怎麼那麼厲害,一下就猜到了!」
「你別急,我來慢慢解釋給你聽。」教授不急不徐地解釋:
「首先我們先用一次微分把麻煩的「麻」字的蓋子微掉,
不就剩下「林」了嗎?然後也把「煩」這個字用二次微分,
分別把「火」和「┬」去掉,剩下的字就是「貝」。」
「此時我們可以得到「林貝」二字,這就說明你被你爸罵了!」
正當同學張大嘴巴說不出話來時,教授又繼續說了下去。
「還沒完喔,現在再把剩下的「貝」字再做一次微分,
把下面的「八」去掉,就得到「目」這個字。」
「因此我們又得到「林目」二字,這說明你也有被你媽媽罵!」
Jia-Ying Chen
微積分笑二
4
某天上微積分課時,教授提到了在座標軸上的積分,
學生們看著滿滿的黑板公式,趕緊在下面抄筆記,
但是心似乎都不放在課堂之上。
講到一半,教授問一位女同學:「先積甚麼?」
女同學被突如其來的問話嚇了一跳,緊接著說她不會,
教授再問全班同學,也沒有人回答。
這時教授突然大吼一聲:「雞歪啦!連這個都不會。」
全班同學當場嚇了一大跳,教授竟然開口飆髒話!
結果仔細一看,才發現教授正在積y軸…
Jia-Ying Chen
微積分笑話三
5
有一位數學家得了精神病,他覺得自己是微分的主宰者,
朋友們將他送到精神病院希望他能好起來。
每天,這位數學家都會在院內四處閒逛,只要遇到其他病人,
他就會恐嚇地說:「我要把你微分掉!」
有一天,院裡來了一個新病人,像往常一樣地,
他瞪著那位病人大聲吼:「我要把你微分掉!」
但這次,那位病人的表情一點也不變。
數學家十分訝異,提起精神來狠狠地盯著那位新病人,
更大聲地說:「我要把你微分掉!」
但那位病人依然一點反應也沒有。
數學家氣極了,最後他放聲大叫:「我要把你微分掉!」
病人平靜地看了數學家一眼,他說:
「你想怎麼微分我都無所謂,因為我是e的x次方。」
Jia-Ying Chen
微積分笑話四
6
某天,常數函數C和指數函數e的x次方走在街上,
遠遠地,他們看到微分運算元朝他們這邊走了過來。
常數函數嚇得慌忙躲藏起來,緊張地說:
「被它微分一下,我就什麼都沒有啦!」
指數函數則是不慌不忙地說:
「它可不能把我怎麼樣,我可是e的x次方耶!」
終於,指數函數和微分運算元在路中相遇了。
指數函數首先自我介紹道:「你好,我是e的x次方!」
而微分運算元也微笑地自我介紹:
「你好,我是d/dy!」
Jia-Ying Chen
Example 1
Suppose that the p.d.f of a random variable X is as
follows:
cx3 for1 x 2
f ( x)
otherwise
0
7
a. Find the value of constant c and sketch the p.d.f
b. Find the value of Pr(X>3/2)
Jia-Ying Chen
Solution
a.
2
4 3
x
15
4
f ' ( x) x 2 when1 x 2, f' (x) 0
5
8
f ' ' ( x) x when1 x 2, f' ' (x) 0
5
4
32
f( 1 )
f( 2 )
15
15
f ( x)
cx dx 1
3
1
1 4 2
cx 1 1
4
1
c(24 14 ) 1
4
4
c
15
32
15
4
15
3
Pr( X )
2
2
b.
4 3
x dx
15
3
2
8
1 4
x
15
2
3
2
35
48
Jia-Ying Chen
Cumulative Distribution Function
The cumulative distribution function (c.d.f.) or
distribution function (d.f.) of a random variable X
(discrete or continuous) is a function defined for
each real number x as follow:
F ( x) Pr(X x)
for x
Discrete distribution
F ( x) Pr(X x) f (t )
tx
Continuous distribution
x
F ( x) Pr( X x) f (t )dt
9
f ( x) F ( x)
dF ( x)
dx
Jia-Ying Chen
Determining Probabilities from the c.d.f.
For every x, Pr(X > x) = 1-F(x)
lim F ( x) 0
x
lim F ( x) 1
x
For all x1 and x2 such that x1 < x2, then
Pr(x1 X x2 ) F ( x2 ) F ( x1 )
For each x,
Pr(X x) F ( x )
For every x, Pr(X x) F ( x) F ( x )
For example, Pr(X x1 ) z1 z0 ,
Pr(X x3 ) z3 z 2
and the probability of every
other individual value of X is 0.
10
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Example 2
11
Suppose that the d.f. F of a random variable
X is as sketched as follows. Find each of the
following probabilities
a. Pr(X=2)
b. Pr(2<=x<=5)
c. Pr(X>=5)
d. Pr(X=4)
e. Pr(1<x<=2)
f. Pr(2<=X<=4)
Jia-Ying Chen
0.8
0.7
0.3
0.2
1
12
2
4
5
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Solution
a.Pr( X 2) F (2) F (2 ) 0.3 0.3 0
b.Pr(2 X 5) F (5) F (2 ) 1 0.3 0.7
c.Pr( X 5) 1 F (5 ) 1 1 0
d .Pr( X 4) F (4) F (4 ) 0.8 0.7 0.1
e.Pr(1 X 2) F (2) F (1) 0.3 0.3 0
f .Pr(2 X 4) F (4) F (2 ) 0.8 0.3 0.5
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Bivariate Distributions
- Discrete Joint Distributions
The joint probability mass function, or the joint p.m.f., of X and Y is
defined as
f ( x, y) Pr(X x and Y y).
Example: Suppose the joint p.m.f. of X and Y is specified as:
Y
X
1
2
3
4
1
0.1
0
0.1
0
2
0.3
0
0.1
0.2
3
0
0.2
0
0
Pr(X 2 and Y 2) f (2,2) f (2,3) f (2,4) f (3,2) f (3,3) f (3,4) 0.5
4
Pr(X 1) f (1, y) 0.2
14
y 1
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Bivariate Distributions
- Continuous Joint Distributions
The joint probability density function, or the joint p.d.f. of X and Y
is defined as f (x, y). For every subset A of the xy-plane,
Pr( x, y ) A f ( x, y )dxdy
A
The joint p.d.f. must satisfy two conditions:
f ( x, y) 0 for x and y
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f ( x, y)dxdy 1
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雙重積分複習
0≦y ≦1-x,0≦x≦1
1 1 y
f ( x, y )dxdy
y=1-x
0 0
1 1 x
0 0
積分秘訣
16
f ( x, y )dydx
依照題目給定範圍畫出圖
判斷先積x還是先積y比較容易
Jia-Ying Chen
Example 3
Suppose that the joint p.d.f of two random
variables X and Y as follows:
5 2
2
(
x
y
)
for
0
y
1
x
,
f ( x, y ) 4
0 otherwise
Determine Pr(0<=X<=1/2)
17
Jia-Ying Chen
Solution
1
Pr(0 X )
2
1
1 x 2 5
2
( x 2 y )dydx
0 0
4
1
5 2
5 2 1 x2
2
( x y y ) 0 dx
0 4
8
1
5 2
5
2
2
[ x (1 x ) (1 x 2 ) 2 ]dx
0 4
8
1
5 5 4
79
2
( x )dx
0 8
8
256
18
Jia-Ying Chen
Bivariate Cumulative Distribution
Functions
The joint cumulative distribution function, or joint c.d.f., of two
random variables X and Y is defined as F ( x, y) Pr(X x and Y y).
Note that Pr(a X b and c Y d )
F (b, d ) F (a, d ) F (b, c) F (a, c).
F1 ( x) Pr( X x) lim F ( x, y )
y
F2 ( y ) Pr(Y y ) lim F ( x, y )
x
y
19
x
If X and Y have a continuous joint p.d.f., then F ( x, y) f (r , s)drds
The joint p.d.f. can be derived from the joint c.d.f. by using
2 F ( x, y )
f ( x, y )
xy
Jia-Ying Chen
Marginal Distributions
If X and Y have a discrete joint distribution for which the joint p.m.f. is
f, then the marginal p.m.f. f1 of X can be found as follows:
f1 ( x) Pr(X x) Pr(X x and Y y ) f ( x, y ).
y
Also,
y
f 1 ( y ) f ( x, y )
x
If X and Y have a joint p.d.f. f, then the marginal p.d.f. of X and Y are:
f1 ( x) f ( x, y )dy for x
20
f 2 ( y ) f ( x, y )dx for y
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Independent Random Variables
Two random variables (discrete or continuous) X and Y are
independent if, for every two sets A and B of real numbers,
Pr(X A and Y B) Pr(X A) Pr(Y B)
Two random variables X and Y are independent if and only if,
for all real numbers x and y,
Pr(X x and Y y) Pr(X x) Pr(Y y)
F ( x, y) F1 ( x) F2 ( y)
21
X and Y are independent if and only if, for all real numbers x
and y,
f ( x, y) f1 ( x) f 2 ( y)
Jia-Ying Chen
Independent Random Variables
Suppose X and Y are random variables that have a continuous joint
p.d.f. Then X and Y will be independent if and only if, for x
and y , f ( x, y) g1 ( x) g 2 ( y)
Proof:
f ( x, y ) g1 ( x ) g 2 ( y )
Then 1 f ( x, y )dxdy g1 ( x)dx g 2 ( y )dy C1C2
where C1 g1 ( x)dx and C2 g 2 ( y )dy. Also,
f1 ( x) f ( x, y )dy C2 g1 ( x),
f 2 ( y ) f ( x, y )dx C1 g 2 ( y )
Since C1C2 1, we thus see that f ( x, y ) f1 ( x) f 2 ( y )
22
Jia-Ying Chen
Example 4
Suppose that X and Y have a discrete joint
distribution for which the joint p.f. is defined as
follow:
1
( x y ), x 0,1y 0,1
f ( x, y ) 4
0, otherwise
23
a. Determine the marginal p.f.’s of X and Y
b. Are X and Y independent?
Jia-Ying Chen
Solution
1
1
b. f ( x, y ) ( x y ) f ( x) f ( y ) (2 x 1)( 2 y 1)
4
16
24
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Discrete and Continuous
Conditional Distributions
Suppose that X and Y have a joint p.m.f. f (x, y), then we can define
the conditional p.m.f. g1 of x given that Y = y as
g1 ( x | y) Pr(X x | Y y)
Suppose that X and Y have a joint p.d.f. f(x,y), then we can define
the conditional p.d.f. g1 of X given that Y=y as
f ( x, y)
g1 ( x | y)
f 2 ( y)
25
Pr(X x and Y y) f ( x, y)
Pr(Y y)
f 2 ( y)
for x
Jia-Ying Chen
Example 5 (3.6.7)
Suppose that the joint p.d.f of two random variables
X and Y is as follows:
3
(4 2 x y)
f ( x, y ) 16
0,
26
for x 0, y 0 and 2 x y 4
otherwise
Determine (a) the conditional p.d.f of Y for every
given value of X, and (b) Pr (Y 2 X 0.5)
Jia-Ying Chen
Solution
42 x
3
3
(4 2 x y )dy (8 8 x 2 x 2 )
0
16
16
4 2x y
for 0 y 4 2 x
f ( x, y )
So, g 2 ( y | x)
8 8x 2 x 2
f1 ( x)
ot herwise
0
f1 ( x)
Pr Y 2 | X 0.5 g 2 y | 0.5dy
27
3
3
2
2
4 2x y
1
dy
8 8x 2 x 2
9
Jia-Ying Chen