Transcript Lecture 23 - Gordon State College

TORTORA  FUNKE  CASE
ninth edition
MICROBIOLOGY
an introduction
23
Part A
Microbial Diseases of
the Cardiovascular
and Lymphatic Systems
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case
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The Cardiovascular System
and Lymphatics System
 Blood: Transports nutrients to and wastes from cells.
 WBCs: Defend against infection.
 Lymphatics: Transport interstitial fluid to blood.
 Lymph nodes: Contain fixed macrophages.
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The Lymphatic System
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Figure 23.2
Sepsis and Septic Shock
 Sepsis: Bacteria
growing in the blood
 Severe sepsis:
Decrease in blood
pressure
 Septic shock: Low
blood pressure cannot
be controlled
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Figure 23.3
Sepsis
 Gram-negative sepsis
 Endotoxins caused blood pressure decrease.
 Antibiotics can worsen condition by killing bacteria.
 Gram-positive sepsis
 Nosocomial infections
 Staphylococcus aureus
 Streptococcus pyogenes
 Group B streptococcus
 Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis
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Sepsis
 Puerperal sepsis (childbirth fever)
 Streptococcus pyogenes
 Transmitted to mother during childbirth by attending
physicians and midwives.
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Bacterial Infections of the Heart
 Endocarditis: Inflammation of the endocardium
 Subacute bacterial endocarditis: Alpha-hemolytic
streptococci from mouth
 Acute bacterial endocarditis: Staphylococcus aureus
from mouth
 Pericarditis: Streptococci
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Bacterial Infections of the Heart
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Figure 23.4
Rheumatic Fever
 Inflammation of heart valves
 Autoimmune complication of Streptococcus pyogenes
infections
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Figure 23.5
Tularemia
 Francisella tularensis,
gram-negative rod
 Transmitted from rabbits
and deer by deer flies.
 Bacteria reproduce in
phagocytes.
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Figure 23.6
Brucellosis (Undulant Fever)
 Brucella, gram-negative rods that grow in phagocytes.
 B. abortus (elk, bison, cows)
 B. suis (swine)
 B. melitensis (goats, sheep, camels)
 Undulating fever that spikes to 40°C each evening.
 Transmitted via milk from infected animals or contact
with infected animals.
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Anthrax
 Bacillus anthracis, gram-positive, endospore-forming
aerobic rod
 Is found in soil.
 Cattle are routinely vaccinated.
 Treated with ciprofloxacin or doxycycline.
 Cutaneous anthrax
 Endospores enter through minor cut
 20% mortality
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Anthrax
 Gastrointestinal anthrax
 Ingestion of
undercooked food
contaminated food
 50% mortality.
 Inhalational anthrax
 Inhalation of
endospores.
 100% mortality.
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Figure 23.7
Biological Weapons
 1346: Plague-ridden bodies used by Tartar army against Kaffa.
 1925: Plaque-carrying flea bombs used in the Sino-Japanese
War.
 1950s: U.S. Army spraying of S. marcescens to test weapons
dispersal.
 1972: International agreement to not possess biological weapons.
 1979: B. anthracis weapons plant explosion in the Soviet Union.
 1984: S. enterica used against the people of The Dalles.
 2001: B. anthracis distributed in the United States
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Biological Weapons
Bacteria
Viruses
Bacillus anthracis
“Eradicated” polio and measles
Brucella spp.
Encephalitis viruses
Chlamydophila psittaci
Hermorrhagic fever viruses
Clostridium botulinum toxin
Influenza A (1918 strain)
Coxiella burnetti
Monkeypox
Francisella tularensis
Nipah virus
Rickettsia prowazekii
Smallpox
Shigella spp.
Yellow fever
Vibrio cholerae
Yersinia pestis
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Gangrene
 Ischemia: Loss of blood supply to tissue.
 Necrosis: Death of tissue.
 Gangrene: Death of soft tissue.
 Gas gangrene
 Clostridium perfringens, gram-positive, endosporeforming anaerobic rod, grows in necrotic tissue
 Treatment includes surgical removal of necrotic
tissue and/or hyperbaric chamber.
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Animal Bites and Scratches
 Pasteurella multocida
 Clostridium
 Bacteroides
 Fusobacterium
 Bartonella hensellae: Cat-scratch disease
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Plague
 Yersinia pestis, gram-negative rod
 Reservoir: Rats, ground squirrels, and prairie dogs
 Vector: Xenopsylla cheopsis
 Bubonic plague: Bacterial growth in blood and lymph
 Septicemia plague: Septic shock
 Pneumonic plague: Bacteria in the lungs
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Plague
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Figures 23.10, 23.11
Relapsing Fever
 Borrelia spp., spirochete
 Reservoir: Rodents
 Vector: Ticks
 Successive relapses are less severe
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Lyme Disease
 Borrelia burgdorferi
 Reservoir: Deer
 Vector: Ticks
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Figures 23.13b–c
Lyme Disease
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Figure 23.13a
Lyme Disease
 First symptom: Bull's
eye rash
 Second phase:
Irregular heartbeat,
encephalitis
 Third phase: Arthritis
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Figure 23.14
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Figure 23.12
Ehrlichiosis
 Ehrlichia, gram-negative, obligately intracellular
(in white blood cells)
 Reservoir: Deer,
rodents
 Vector: Ticks
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Figure 23.15
Typhus
 Epidemic typhus
 Rickettsia prowazekii
 Reservoir: Rodents
 Vector: Pediculus humanus corporis
 Transmitted when louse feces rubbed into bite
wound
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Typhus
 Epidemic murine typhus:
 Rickettsia typhi
 Reservoir: Rodents
 Vector: Xenopsylla cheopsis
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Spotted Fevers (Rocky Mountain
Spotted Fever)
 Rickettsia rickettsii
 Measles-like rash except
that the rash appears on
palms and soles too.
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Figure 23.18
Spotted Fevers (Rocky Mountain
Spotted Fever)
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Figure 23.16
Tick Life Cycle
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Figure 23.17
Human Herpes Virus 4 Infections
 Epstein-Barr virus (HHV–4)
 Infectious Mononucleosis
 Childhood infections are asymptomatic.
 Transmitted via saliva
 Characterized by proliferation of monocytes
 Burkitt’s lymphoma
 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
 Cancer in immunosuppressed individuals, and
malaria and AIDS patients
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Infectious Mononucleosis
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Figure 23.20
Cytomegalovirus Infections
 Cytomegalovirus (Human herpesvirus 5)
 Infected cells swell (cyto-, mega-)
 Latent in white blood cells
 May be asymptomatic or mild
 Transmitted across the placenta; may cause mental
retardation
 Transmitted sexually, by blood, or by transplanted
tissue
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Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
Pathogen
Portal of
entry
Reservoir
Yellow fever Arbovirus
Skin
Monkeys
Dengue
Skin
Humans
Arbovirus
Marburg,
Ebola,
Lassa
Filovirus,
arenavirus
Mucous
Probably
membranes fruit bats;
other
mammals
Hantavirus
pulmonary
syndrome
Bunyavirus Respiratory Field mice
tract
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Method of
transmission
Aedes
aegypti
Aedes
aegypti;
A. Albopictus
Contact with
blood
Inhalation
Ebola Virus
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Figure 23.21
American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas’ Disease)
 Trypanosoma cruzi
 Reservoir: Rodents,
opossums, armadillos
 Vector: Reduviid bug
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Figures 23.22, 12.33d
Toxoplasmosis
 Toxoplasma
gondii
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Figure 23.23
Malaria
 Plasmodium vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, P. falciparum
 Anopheles mosquito
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Figure 12.31b
Malaria
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Figure 23.25
Malaria
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Figure 23.24
Malaria
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Figure 12.19
Leishmaniasis
Disease
Visceral
leishmaniasis
Cutaneous
leishmaniasis
Mucocutaneous Babesiosis
leishmaniasis
Fatal if
untreated
Papule that
ulcerates and
scars
L. Tropica
Disfiguring
Replicates in
RBCs
L. Braziliensis
Babesia
microti
Causative
agent
Leishmania
donovani
Vector
Sandflies
Sandflies
Sandflies
Ixodes ticks
Reservoir
Small
mammals
Small mammals
Small
mammals
Rodents
Treatment
Amphotericin
B or
miltefosine
Asia, Africa,
Southeast
Asia
Amphotericin B
or miltefosine
Amphotericin B
or miltefosine
Atovaquone +
azithromycin
Asia, Africa,
Mediterranean,
Central America,
South America
Rain forests of
Yucatan, South
America
United States
Geographic
distribution
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Babesiosis
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Figures 23.26, 12.32
Schistosomiasis
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Figure 23.28
Schistosomiasis
 Tissue damage (granulomas) in response to eggs
lodging in tissues
S. haemotobium
Granulomas in urinary
bladder wall
Africa, Middle East
S. japonicum
Granulomas in intestinal
wall
East Asia
S. mansoni
Granulomas in intestinal
wall
African, Middle East,
South American,
Caribbean
Swimmer’s itch
Cutaneous allergic
reaction to cercariae
U.S. parasite of
wildfowl
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Schistosomiasis
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Figure 23.27a
Schistosomiasis
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Figure 23.27b