Nationalism

The Unification of European Nations Or The Road to World War One

Nationalism

• Nationalism is defined as pride in one’s country – Strong feelings for one’s country.

– People who share a common language, history heritage.

– Nationalism causes people to join together

Nationalism

• 6 bonds that unify a people – common religion – common language – common ethnicity or ancestry – common history – common land – common culture

Nationalism

• Good – Can work to bring people together.

– Give people a common goal.

– Pride or loyalty to one’s country.

• Bad – Can pull countries apart.

– Can cause revolts and wars within the country.

– Extreme nationalism can cause world wars because one country feels it is better then another.

Nationalism

• Nation-state – When the nation has it’s own independent government.

Nationalism

• Nationalism can be like a bomb and split nations apart – Russia – Ottoman Empire – Austro-Hungarian • These nations/empires controlled vast numbers of different ethnic groups who wanted self government.

Nationalism

• Nationalism can be like a magnet and bring people together to create nation states.

• Places like Italy and Germany

Italy and Nationalism

• After the fall of the Roman Empire Italy had been a nation of small states.

• Napoleon united Italy into the Kingdom of Italy.

• The Congress of Vienna redivided Italy and placed Italy under the rule of Austria.

• Italy continued to remain a country of small feudal states

Italian Unification

• In 1849 the King of Sardinia Victor Emmanuel II and Count Camillo Cavour began to work for Italian unification

The Three Leaders of Italy

• Count Camillo Cavour – Used alliances with Prussia and France to drive out the Austrians.

Italian Unification

• Cavour used the rivalry between Austria and France to start a war between both countries • Cavour sided Italy with France and together Italy and France drove the Austrians out of northern Italy by 1859 • Northern Italy was turned over to the Italians

The Three Leaders of Italy

• Giuseppe Mazzini – Formed the Young Italy Movement in 1831.

– Was exiled for his views.

– His writing and speeches inspired other nationalist.

The Three Leaders of Italy

• Giuseppe Garibaldi – Lead forces (Red Shirts) which helped control the north and south of Italy.

Italian Unification

• In the south Garibaldi started a revolutionary movement to drive the Spanish out of Italy • Garibaldi’s followers known as Red Shirts began attacking the Spanish in Sicily • In 1860 the Red Shirts and Garibaldi had driven the Spanish out of Italy • Finally in 1870 the French withdrew from Italy leaving it a newly unified country

Italian Unification

• By 1861 most of Italy was unified • Victory Emmanuel II became king of the newly unified Italy

German Nationalism

Germany and Nationalism

• Most Germans lived in small states to which they felt loyalty.

• The German region had not been unified since the decline of Charlemagne’s Holy Roman Empire • Nationalist called for a unified Germany.

Germany and Nationalism

• The Rise of Prussia – Prussia establishes itself as the strongest of the German states.

– Bismarck is appointed Chancellor of Prussia – Prussia wanted to unify the German regions into a powerful nation-state to compete against other European nations

Germany and Nationalism

• Otto von Bismarck – Strong political leader – Did not believe in nationalism but saw unification as a way to make the King of Prussia the King of Germany.

Germany and Nationalism

• Realpolitik – Bismarck’s idea of politics.

– Means “the politics of reality” – Tough power politics with no room for ideals – No friends, don’t trust anyone.

Germany and Nationalism

• Blood and Iron – Bismarck believed that the only way to unify Germany was through “blood and iron” or war.

– In 7 years Prussia fought 3 wars

Franco-Prussian War

• Franco-Prussian War 1870 • Used nationalism and hatred against France and Napoleon to invade France. • Bismarck and the Prussian formed an alliance with the Catholic states along the French boarder to stop French aggression • In 1870 Bismarck provokes a war with France and France declares war on Prussia • The Catholic states now become unified under Prussia in a effort to fight the war • By 1871 the Prussian win the war • Prussia gains land from France.

• Germany is unified

Germany and Nationalism

• In 1871 the German states unite under the Prussian king William I.

• William calls himself Kaiser which means emperor.

Results of German Nationalism

• Germany quickly industrialized and became a world power • Germany quickly developed a strong army and navy • Germany further began to colonize in Africa and Asia • By 1888 Bismarck was out favor with the socialist • In 1890 William II dismissed Bismarck • By 1914 Germany felt it was strong enough to handle any European power.

Zionism

• Anti-Semitism – Hatred of the Jews • In 73 CE the Jews had be exiled from their homeland in Palestine/Israel by the Romans. • This was called the Diaspora.

• Jews had to find other places to lived and many moved into Europe • The Jews had no homeland or country to call their own

Zionism

• Some countries in Eastern Europe began to expel and in some cases even murder their Jewish populations.

• As Anti-Semitism grew Jews knew they needed to find their own homeland

Zionism

• Jews began buying property in Palestine from Arab landholders • They organized into farming Communities • In 1896 a Jewish Journalist Theodor Herzl witnessed the horrors of Anti Semitism in France and called for Jews to from their own nation state

Zionism

• Herzl’s movement was called Zionism • It was devoted to creating an independent nation state in Palestine • In 1947 the nation state of Israel was created