Northern Humanism, Northern Renaissance, Religious Reformations, and Late Mannerism 1500-1603

Focus of Chapter  Northern Humanism - Inspired by both Classical studies and Late Medieval lay piety.

 Reformation  Counter-Reformation  Late Mannerism 

Northern Humanism      Study of Christian writings and Greco Roman classics Emphasis on simplicity and Christ’s teachings Rabelais – French humanist Marguerite of Angouleme Erasmus – most influential humanist of the period. Author of The Praise of Folly

The Northern Renaissance  The culture of sixteenth century Northern Europe    Northern Renaissance literature Montaigne – Essays Shakespeare – Renaissance and Mannerist plays

Northern Renaissance Painting  Influence of Protestant Reformation on painting  Secular subjects

 Paintings (portraits) and engravings Durer

Durer

Durer

Durer

Durer

Grunewald  Isenheim Altarpiece

Bosch

Peter Bruegel

Bruegel

The Protestant Reformation  Causes:  Radical reshaping of Western society  Spiritual yearnings of human beings  Historical trends occurring during the Middle Ages  Corruption and abuses in the church  Rise of sovereign states  Decay of medieval thought  Revival of humanism 

Luther  In 1517, published his Ninety-five Theses against sale of indulgences, the sacraments, and authority of the pope   In 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther Luther’s beliefs  Salvation comes from God’s grace, not good works  Sole source of authority was the Bible, not Pope  Retained only two sacraments: baptism and communion  Translated Bible into vernacular  Married Katherine von Bora

Luther

Calvin  Institutes of the Christian Religion  Belief in predestination  Government subordinate to the state  Calvinism was the most international of the new sects

John Calvin

The Reform of the English Church  In 1529, King Henry VIII asked the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, who failed to produce a male heir  When the pope denied his request, Henry declared himself head of the Church of England  Anglican beliefs are summarized in the Thirty nine Articles  Elizabeth became queen and head of the English Church.

King Henry VIII

Queen Elizabeth

The Counter Reformation  Roman Catholic Reform Movement  Three fronts  Reformed papacy  New Monastic Orders  Council of Trent  Church’s unyielding position

Late Mannerism and the Baroque  Influenced by the Counter-Reformation  Arts and music should be accessible to everyone  Sole aim of art was to serve the Church  A simplified art that spoke to the masses  This didn’t happen until the Baroque Period  Late Mannerist art was too complex

El Greco  His paintings embody the spirit of Late Mannerism  Spanish  Spiritual vision  Elongated bodies, sharp lines, luminous colors

El Greco

El Greco

El Greco

El Greco

Tintoretto  Feverish, emotional style  Last Supper

Tintoretto

Tintoretto

Extra Credit Assignments for this Chapter  Read Erasmus, In Praise of Folly and write a response  Read Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses and write a response  Read Hamlet or watch a version of Hamlet and write a response

Required Assignments for this chapter  Watch Luther DVD and write a response