Transcript Chemistry of Life PP
Chapter 2 Biochemistry
The Chemistry of Life
pH
Measure of acidity (acid) or alkalinity (basic) Scale 0-14 Acid– b/w 1-6.9
Ex: stomach acid, urine, lemon juice Base– b/w 7.1-14 “alkaline” refers to a base Ex: intestinal fluid, blood Neutral - 7 Look at pH scale pg.44
Dissociation
The process by which compounds break apart when they are “dissolved” in water
CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES THAT NEUTRALIZE SMALL AMOUNTS OF EITHER ACIDS OR BASES Buffers
Buffers Cont-
Needed to maintain a pH of 7 (neutral) What characteristic of life would maintaining this balance be? _________________ ***Basic or acidic solutions denature proteins (changes their shape) -- make it where they can’t work****
OCCURS WHEN AN ACID IS COMBINED TO THE SAME AMOUNT OF A BASE RESULTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF SALT + WATER Neutralization ********************************************
Atoms and Their Interactions
Elements
• Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances • Found on the periodic table
Elements
25 are essential to living organisms C, H, O, N 90% of human mass Remember “CHNOPS”
the smallest particles of an element that has the characterisitics of that element
atom
Living organisms
Made of atoms– found inside cells Protons Electrons Neutrons Put 2 or more atoms together you get elements 109 elements total Ex: O 2 , O 3 2 or more elements together you get a compound Ex: H 2 O, C 6 H 12 O 6 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
QSR #4
1. Give the symbols for the following elements: Carbon____ Hydrogen____ Sulfur____ Nitrogen____ Phosphorus____ 2. What is the chemical formula for water?____ Carbon dioxide?______ oxygen?_______ Carbon monoxide?______ glucose?_______
All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism are referred to as
Metabolism
Chemical equations
Reactants Products Subscripts Ex: Photosynthesis and respiration equations Write in your notes and memorize!!!
solution
Solvent – present in the greatest amount, and dissolves other substances Solute – dissolves in the solvent Ex: Kool-aid?
Ex: atmosphere?
Solutions cont-
THE AMOUNT OF SOLUTE DISSOLVED IN A SOLVENT CONCENTRATION (The higher the solute the higher the concentration) Ex: urine, salt water, orange juice
The opposite of very concentrated – higher solvent concentration diluted
A SOLUTION IN WHICH NO MORE SOLUTES CAN DISSOLVE Saturated Solution +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Carbon Compounds
Organic Molecules– molecules that contain mostly Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) 3 Structures of Carbon: Straight chains Branched chains Rings
Straight Chain
H H H H H H H | | | | | | | H -C- C- C-C- C- C- C - H | | | | | | | H H H H H H H Carbon needs 4 bonds to be stable!!!
Branched Chain
Carbon Ring
C C C C C C
QSR #4
1. Draw a simplified view of a carbon ring.
2. All compounds are either organic or inorganic. Organic means they contain primarily ___ atoms.
3. Carbon needs ___ electrons to be stable.
4. Draw C 4 H 10 as a straight chain and a branched chain and C 4 H 8 as a ring.
Biochemistry
Review: Most common elements in living things are?
C, H, O, & N = 90% of your body mass
Compounds
Macromolecules Large molecules Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, & nucleic acids Made of subunits called monomers Ex: Starch is a polymer of what monomer?
QSR #10
1. Vinegar has a pH of 3 which means its an ________ while detergent has a pH of 11 making it a strong __________.
2. Which is the stronger base…11 or 14? ____ 3. Unbalanced pH levels can be harmful to cells, thus _________ in your blood help to maintain a balanced pH.
4. Other than balancing pH levels, what’s one more example of homeostasis?
Biochemistry
Review: Most common elements in living things are?
C, H, O, & N = 90% of your body mass
Building Blocks of Cells
4 Main classes of organic compounds: ORGANIC = CONTAINS CARBON (C) Carbohydrates Lipids (fats) Proteins Nucleic Acids
Made of C,H,O Include: Fruits Veggies starches
Carbs
Carbohydrates (also called polysaccharides)
2 JOBS: 1. provide the body with SHORT TERM energy Like sugars and starches 2. Provide structural support in cell walls Ex: Cellulose – we can’t digest (don’t have enzymes for it)
Carbohydrates
3 types: 1. Monosaccharides – simple sugars Found in sugars that come from plants ex: fruit 1 sugar Ex: Glucose & fructose – natural sugars found in fruits EASIEST TO BREAK DOWN FOR ENERGY – but it doesn’t last long at all “sugar high”
2. Dissacharides – (2 monosaccharides) 2 sugars – still easy to break down Provides energy for a little longer Ex: Sucrose/table sugar – candy, sweet tea Ex: Lactose – milk sugar – milk, yogurt
3. Polysaccharides – “Complex carbs” **these are your STARCHES Many sugars (made of more than one sugar) HARDEST TO BREAK DOWN – thus it provides energy the longest Ex: Starch– long chain of sugars food storage by plants (roots) Ex: potatoes and rice
Glucose -- simple sugar Fructose – also a simple sugar
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
QSR #11
1. Monosaccharides are made of only ___ sugar and are found in _________ and veggies…not _________ sugar.
2. Carbs consist of 3 elements: ___, ____, ____ 3. The main function of carbs is to provide _________ for our cells, with ______________ providing us with the most energy.
4. Sucrose, or “_______ sugar”, is made of 2 monosaccharides (________ and fructose), thus sucrose and ________ are disaccharides.
Lipids
Do not dissolve in water nonpolar 2 types Saturated – solid at room temp Ex: meats and cheeses Unsaturated – liquid at room temp Ex: olive oil Includes fats, phospholipids, waxes, and oils
Calories
Calories 1g of fat = 9 calories 1g of carbs = 4 calories
Types of lipids
A. Phospholipids – provide support for cell membranes B. Cholesterol – also found in cell membranes
Lipids
Monomers are fatty acids: Long chains of C-H bonds with a glycerol end Fats/oils– Plant fats: olive oil and peanut oil Animal fats: butter and meat Used for Energy storage Insulation Protective covering
SATURATED SATURATED UNSATURATED
Proteins
Made of subunits called amino acids (which are used to build cells) 20 different amino acids– your body can make 12, so where do the others come from?
Made of C,H,O,N and sometimes S Ex: Hair and horns are made mostly of protein What are some foods high in protein?
Proteins
Amino acids are held together by Peptide Bonds Thus AA’s often form long chains called Polypeptides Proteins are often large molecules consisting of hundreds of AA’s
Macromolecules and Monomers
Last slide
Monomer Example of a Macromolecule
polysaccharide (complex carbohydrate) monosaccharide (simple sugar) fat (a lipid) protein nucleic acid glycerol, fatty acid amino acid nucleotide
A protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction
Enzyme
Enzymes
Catalyst that
Speed
up the digestion of food and other chemical reactions Act like a lock and key mechanism Substrate: specific reactants that an enzyme acts on Ex: Amylase is an enzyme (found in saliva) that recognizes the substrate Starch – thus initiating the break down of starch
Enzymes
Factors that change the shape of enzymes (i.e. proteins) – affecting their function to control chemical reactions in your body: 1. High temperatures 2. Unbalanced pH levels
QSR #8
1. Proteins are made of subunits called ______ _________.
2. They also act as _______ helping control the speed of digestion.
3. Enzymes work specifically to fit certain ________(s) in a lock and key type mechanism.
4. What are 2 things that can alter the shape and effectiveness of enzymes?
A.
B. 5. Amylase is the _______ and starch is the ________.
6. The substrate attaches to an enzyme at its _______ ________
Nucleic Acids
Stores cellular/hereditary information Made of monomers called nucleotides ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate – has the structure of a nucleotide, just with 3 phosphate groups ATP is a compound that supplies energy to your cells
Nucleic Acids
2 kinds DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Double stranded RNA Ribonucleic acid Single stranded
Structure of nucleotides
Contain 3 parts: 1. a phosphate group (unless its ATP, then it has 3 phosphate groups) 2. a pentose sugar ( 5-C sugar) 3. Nitrogen base Several of these nucleotides linked together make DNA and RNA strands
Outline for Test
1. pH (acids, bases, neutral, buffers, etc.) 2. Atoms, elements, and compounds 3. Solutions Solutes vs solvent Concentrated vs diluted 4. The 4 Organic compounds (macromolecules) Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids
Section Assessment pg. 167
1.
List 3 important functions of lipids in living organisms.
Long-term energy storage, insulation, and protective coatings 2.
Describe the process by which polymers in living things are formed from smaller molecules.
Polymers form when one monomer loses an H+ ion and another loses an OH- to form water. A covalent bond forms between the monomers.
3.
How does a monosaccharide differ from a disaccharide?
A disaccharide is made of two simple sugars called monosaccharides.
4.
Enzymes are proteins that facilitate chemical reactions. Based on your knowledge of enzymes, what might the result be if one particular enzyme malfunction or was not present. The chemical reaction would proceed extremely slowly.
5. Make a table comparing polysaccharides,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. List these 4 types of biological substances in the first column. In the next two columns, list the subunits that make each substance and functions of each in organisms. In the last column, provide some examples of each from the chapter.
Molecules Subunits Functions Examples s Polysaccharide Lipids Proteins Monosacchari des Fatty Acids and Glycerol Amino Acids Structure and Nucleic Acids Nucleotides For energy storage and structural components Long-term energy storage enzymes Store Starch, glycogen, and cellulose Animal fats and vegetable oils Muscle, immunity proteins, enzymes DNA
6.1 Atoms and Their Interactions
Atoms are the basic building blocks of all matter. Atoms consist of a nucleus contain protons and neutrons. The positively charged nucleus is surrounded by a cloud of rapidly moving, negatively charged electrons.
Atoms become stable by bonding to other atoms through covalent or ionic bonds.
Components of mixtures retain their properties-- components of solutions do not.
Acid Atom Base Compound Covalent bond Element ion
6.1 Vocabulary
Ionic bond Isotope Metabolism Mixture Molecule Nucleus pH solution
6.3 Life Substances
All organic compounds contain carbon atoms.
There are 4 principal types of organic compounds that make up living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Amino acid Carbohydrate Enzyme Isomer Lipid
Vocabulary
Nucleic acid Nucleotide Peptide bond Polymer protein
Understanding Main Ideas
1.
2.
c.
What are the basic building blocks of all matter?
Atoms
Which feature of water explains why water has high surface tension?
c. Water is a polar molecule
3.
4.
5.
Which of the following describes an isotope of the commonly occurring oxygen atom which has 8 protons, and 8 neutrons?
a. 8 electrons, 8 protons, and 9 neutrons
Which of the following will form a solution?
c. Salt and water
Which of the following applies to a water molecule?
d. Water molecules have a negatively charged end and positively charged end
6.
Which of the following carbohydrates is a polysaccharide?
d. Starch
7. Which of the following pairs is unrelated?
d. Starch—nucleic acid
8. An acid is any substance that forms 9.
c. Hydrogen ions
Which of these is NOT made up of proteins?
d. cellulose
10.
11.
12.
Which of the following is NOT a smaller subunit of a nucleotide?
d. Glycerol
An enzyme ____ chemical reactions
speeds
A calcium atoms has 20 protons and ___ electrons
20
13.
14.
A ____ bond involves sharing of electrons.
covalent
The first energy level of an atoms holds ___ electrons; the second energy level holds 8 electrons.
2
15. In a water molecule, each ____ atom shares one electron with the single ___ atom.
hydrogen; oxygen
16.
A substrate fits into an area of an enzyme called the
active site
17.
18.
19.
Hydrogen, chlorine, and sodium are examples of
Elements
Long chains of amino acids connected to each other by a ___ bond form a ____.
peptide; protein
Diffusion is the process in which molecules move from ___ concentration to a ____ concentration.
high; low
20.
21.
The positively charged ___ atoms of one water molecule attract the negatively charged ____ atom of another water molecule.
hydrogen; oxygen
Magnesium atom has 12 electrons. When it reacts, it usually loses two electrons. How does this loss make magnesium more stable?
The underlying energy level is a filled layer.
22.
Explain why water and a sponge would not be effective in cleaning up a grease spill.
Water is a polar molecule; it will not attract the nonpolar grease.
23.
Explain why carbon is the most critical element to living things.
Carbon is the building block element of the 4 basic substances (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) found in all known living organisms.
24.
If heating a white substance produces a vapor and black material, how do you know the substance was not an element.
The substance was a compound because 2 new substances were formed by the chemical reaction.