Transcript File - the bgr`s world of science

Smt.Sujata.P.Chavan
Dhanvantari (3000 BC)
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The ruler of Kashi,known for his contribution to the
world in Ayurvedic medicine.
In his book “Agnivesha Samhita” He has suggested the
precautionary measures to be taken before and after
surgery.
He propounded the tri dhosha concept of Ayurveda
(vata,pitta,kapha)
“sharira Rachana Vignana”deals with the
1.structure of the body
2.The soul Atma
3.The location, shape,and size of various parts
of the body.
4.The mind
Susruta (1000BC)
 Sage Sushrut is known as the "Father of
surgery".
 Even modern science recognizes India as the
first country to develop and use rhinoplasty
(developed by Sushrut).
 He also practiced amputation, caesarean and
cranial surgeries, and developed 125 surgical
instruments including scalpels, lancets, and
needles.he suggested the methods to
manufacture these instruments.
 He was the first to conduct post marten.
 He has written a book “sushruta
Samhita”
 He was expert in operating cataract,
hernia.
 He is credited with performing the
world's first rhinoplasty, using
anesthesia and plastic surgery.
 One of the Ayurvedic surgical practices
being used today in India involves
dipping sutures into antibiotic herbs so
when sewed into the person, the scar
heals quicker and prevent infection.
The modern surgical world owes a
great debt to this great surgical sage.
Charaka (800BC)
 His work “Charaka Samhita”is famous for
internal medicine.
 He was well known for his treatment in
replacing the artificial limb.
 He suggested simple methods and
remedies in curing paralysis,
leprosy,feats,cancers and blindness.
 He even knew how to use Mercury, Sulphur
in manufacturing of medicines.
Aryabhata
 “Aryabhatiyam”the first mathematics based on
astronomical work was composed by Aryabhata
in 499 AD when he was only 23 years old.
 Aryabhata was the first to proclaim the earth was
round, rotating on an axis, orbiting the sun and
suspended in space. This was around 1,000 years
before Copernicus.
 Aryabhata was the first to propound that the
moon is not self luminous.
 He was the first explain that eclipses occur due to
the shadows of one another when earth,
moon,and sun are collinear.
Bhaskaracharya
 He wrote “siddanta siromani” in which
he explained about the motion of
planets in the chapter “Graha Ganita.”
 His another important work “Karna
Kutuhala” was written at his 69th year.
Even today it is regarded as a
reference book for panchanga.
Varahamihira
 His main works are “Pancha
Siddhanta”, “Brihat Samhita” and
“Brihat Jatak” an astrological work.
 He is first to explain the gravitational
force,about 1100 years before Issac
Newton
 Even today geologists consider his
work on ground water resources as a
standard reference.
 He presented cures for various
diseases of plants and trees.
 In his work Pancha Siddantika he deals with
solar energy.
 In his book, Panschsiddhant, he noted that the
moon and planets shine due to the sun.
 According to him there are 5 mandalas
1.Chandra Mandala
2.pruthvi Mandala
3.Surya Mandala
4.Paramesti Maandala (Galaxy)
5.Swayambhu Mandala (Universe)
each madala will revolve around
the next mandala due to its revolution months
and years occur.
 The brahat samhita of Varaha Mihir
describes four types of diseases. We
cancompare this with modern
description of diseases.
Brihat Samhita
1. Pandu Patra
2.Pravara Avriddhi
3.Shakhashasha
4. Rasasruti
Mordern
Chlorosis of leaves
Falling off buds
Drying up of Branches
Exudation of Sap
Kanad
 Sage Kanad is recognized as the founder of
atomic theory, and classified all the objects
of creation into nine elements (earth,
water, light or fire, wind, ether, time, space,
mind and soul).
 He stated that every object in creation is
made of atoms that in turn connect with
each other to form molecules nearly 2,500
years before John Dalton.
 Kanad described the dimension and motion of
atoms, and the chemical reaction with one
another. The eminent historian, T.N. Colebrook
said, "Compared to scientists of Europe, Kanad
and other Indian scientists were the global
masters in this field.“
 Chemistry alchemical metals Kanada (6th BC)
had propounded that Paramanu (atom) forms
dwinuka (molecules) He also discovered that
the density of molecules is peculiar to each
matter and so an object weighs less in water
than in air, even earlier to Archimedes.
Nagarjuna
 In the field of chemistry alchemical metals
were developed for medicinal uses by sage
Nagarjuna.
 He wrote many famous books including Ras
Ratnakar, which is still used in India's
Ayurvedic colleges today.
 By carefully burning metals like iron, tin,
copper, etc. into ash, removing the toxic
elements, these metals produce quick and
profound healing in the most difficult
diseases.
Parashara
 Knowledge of botany (Vrksh-Ayurveda) dates
back more than 5,000 years, discussed in India's
Rig Veda.
 Sage Parashara (100 BC) is called the "father of
botany" because he classified flowering plants
into various families, nearly 2,000 years before
Lannaeus (the modern father of taxonomy).
 Parashara described plant cells - the outer and
inner walls, sap color-matter and something not
visible to the eye - anvasva. Nearly 2,000 years later Robert Hooke, using a microscope
described the outer and inner wall and sap
color-matter.
Kala veshtana(outer wall)
Sukshma Patraka(inner wall)
Ranjakayukta
(sap with colouring matter)
Classification of plants by Parashara
 Samiganiya(modern-Leguminosae)
charecters
 Parashara
Modern
 Tundamandala
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Vishamavidala
Puncha mukta dala
Yukta Jalika
Dasabhikesara
flowers hypogynanus
unequal corolla lobes
five free petals
Synsephalous corolla
10 stamens
 Bhaskaracharya: Bhaskaracharya
was a great mathematician and
Astronomer. His work 'Sidhanta
Siromani' consists of two parts of
mathematics and two parts of
astronomy.
 S.S. Bhatnagar: A great Indian
Scientist who lived between 1895 and
1955.
 He was the first Director General of
Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research. Under his directorship,
many research laboratories were
established throughout India.
 J.C.Bose: He was an eminent
Physicist and Botanist.
 He founded Bose Research Institute,
Calcutta.
 He discovered the application of
electromagnetic waves to wireless
telegraphy in 1895.
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 Sir J.C Bose proved that plants are also
sensitive to heat, cold,light,noise,and other
stimuli.
 He designed very sensitive instrument
called crescograph which was capable of
recording and detecting the minute
responses due to external stimuli.
 He is the author of two books “Response in
the living and non-living”,and “The nervous
mechanism of plants”
 Dr. S.Chandrasekhar: An Indian-born
American, who won Nobel Prize for Physics
in 1983.
 He is an Astrophysicist. His theory of
Stellar Evolution - the birth and death of
stars is 35 years old. His first discovery was
laughed at. After three decades, it was
recognised and today he is a Nobel
Laureate. According to his theory, the old
stars just collapse and disappear in the
light of denser stars of low light popularly
called Chandrasekhar Limit.
 Hargobind Khorana: He created an
artificial gene in the laboratory and
deciphered genetic code. He was
awarded Nobel Prize for Medicine in
1968.
 He was awarded Padma Bhushan by
the Government of India.
 Homi J.Bhaba: He largely contributed to
the development of Atomic Physics and he
was primarily responsible for setting up of
Nuclear reactors in India.
 He published important papers on
Quantum Theory, Cosmic Rays, Structure of
atom, etc.
 He was the first Chairman of Atomic
Energy Commission. He died in a plane
crash in 1966.
 Sir C.V. Raman: First Indian
Scientist to receive Nobel prize for
physics in 1929 for his invention
'Raman Effect'.
 His study of crystal structure is of
unique importance.
 He founded Raman Research Institute
at Bangalore.
 Satish Dhavan: He was chairman of
Indian Space Research Organisation.
 He was instrumental to take India
into space age by launching
Aryabhatta in 1975.
 Raja Ramanna: A great nuclear
scientist, who was instrumental to
stage India's first Nuclear explosion
at Pokharan range in 1974.
 It is significant to note that what sir
Wiliam Jones, said”Had only Linnaeus
(regarded as father of modern
Taxonomy) known Sanskrit he would
have vastly improved his own system
of nomenclature”.
 Bhagavantam: His contribution to
radio astronomy and cosmic rays is
noteworthy. An associate of Sir
C.V.Raman,
 Dr.S.Bhagavantam was scientific
adviser in the Ministry of Defence and
Director General of Defence Research
Development Organisation.
Prafful Chandra Ray
 Recognized as the father of chemical industry of
India.
 Inventor of medicinal compound from the waste
cattle bone
 He treated the ashes of bone with sulpuric acid
.the superphosphate of lime thus produced was
mixed with soda,a solution of phosphate of soda
was formed.
 This was put into a large basin and boiled, which
produced lumps o9f phosphate of soda crystals.
 He converted the waste cattle bones into a
chemical compound from which a medical
compound could be made.
Vekataraman Ramkrishnan
 An India born scientist from south India,
Vekataraman Ramkrishnan won the Nobel prize
for chemistry in the field of Ribosome study.
 Thomas A Steitz and Ada E Yonath for having
showed what the ribosome looks like and how it
functions at the atomic level“
 Three Laureates have all generated 3D models
that show how different antibiotics bind to the
ribosome. These models are now used by
scientists in order to develop new antibiotics,
directly assisting the saving of lives and
decreasing humanity's suffering."
 We owe a lot to the Indians, who
taught us how to count, without
which no worthwhile scientific
discovery could have been made.
--Albert Einstein.
 All of the above is just the tip of the
iceberg, the list could be endless.
 But, if we don't see even a glimpse of that
great India in the India that we see today,
it clearly means that we are not working up
to our potential and that if we do, we could
once again be an ever shining and inspiring
country setting a bright path for rest of the
world to follow.
 Work towards the welfare of INDIA . Say
proudly, I AM AN INDIAN.