Chapter 8: Digestive System

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Transcript Chapter 8: Digestive System

Medical Terminology

A Living Language

Chapter 8

Medical Terminology: A Living Language,

Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Digestive System

Digestive System at a Glance

 Function of the Digestive System  Mechanical and chemical digestion of food  Absorption of nutrient molecules  Elimination of solid wastes

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Digestive System at a Glance

 Organs of the Gastrointestinal tract  Oral cavity  Pharynx  Esophagus  Stomach  Small intestine  Colon

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Digestive System at a Glance

 Accessory Organs  Pancreas  Liver  Gallbladder  Salivary glands

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Digestive System Combining Forms

 an/o  append/o  appendic/o  bar/o  bucc/o  cec/o  chol/e anus appendix appendix weight cheek cecum bile, gall

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Digestive System Combining Forms

 cholangi/o  cholecyst/o  choledoch/o  col/o  colon/o  dent/o  duoden/o bile duct gallbladder common bile duct colon colon tooth duodenum

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Digestive System Combining Forms

 enter/o  esophag/o  gastr/o  gingiv/o  gloss/o  hepat/o  ile/o small intestine esophagus stomach gums tongue liver ileum

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Digestive System Combining Forms

 jejun/o  labi/o  lapar/o  lingu/o  lith/o  odont/o  or/o jejunum lip abdomen tongue stone tooth mouth

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Digestive System Combining Forms

 palat/o  pancreat/o  pharyng/o  proct/o  pylor/o  rect/o  sialaden/o  sigmoid/o palate pancreas throat, pharynx anus and rectum pylorus rectum salivary gland sigmoid colon

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Digestive System Suffixes

       –emesis –lithiasis –orexia –pepsia –phagia –prandial –tripsy vomit stone appetite digestion eat, swallow pertaining to a meal surgical crushing

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Anatomy and Physiology

 Also called: 

Gastrointestinal system (GI)



Gut



Alimentary canal

 Approximately 30 feet of continuous muscular tube between mouth and anus

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Anatomy and Physiology

 Organs of the continuous gut tube in order: 

Oral cavity



Pharynx



Esophagus



Stomach



Small intestine



Colon (including rectum and anus)

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Anatomy and Physiology



Accessory organs

by ducts are connected to gut tube  Include: 

Salivary glands



Pancreas



Liver



Gallbladder

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Anatomy and Physiology

 Three main functions of Digestive system 

Digesting food



Absorbing nutrients



Eliminating waste

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Digesting Food

 Physical and chemical breakdown of large food particles  Produces simple nutrient molecules 

Glucose



Triglycerides



Amino acids

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Absorbing Nutrients

 Simple molecules are absorbed from intestine  Circulated through body by cardiovascular system  Used for growth and repair of cells, tissues, and organs

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Eliminating Waste

 Some ingested food cannot be digested or absorbed  Expelled from body as solid waste 

Feces

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Oral Cavity

 Roof is

palate

  Hard – bony anterior Soft – flexible posterior  Hanging down from soft palate is

uvula

 Speech production  Location of

gag reflex

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Oral Cavity



Cheeks

are lateral walls 

Lips

are anterior opening  Entire cavity lined with

mucous membrane

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Figure 8.1 – Anatomy of the oral cavity.

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Oral Cavity

 Digestion begins when food enters mouth  Mechanically broken up by chewing 

Tongue

moves food within mouth  Mixes with

saliva

 Digestive enzymes  Lubricates 

Taste buds

on tongue surface  Detect bitter, sweet, salty, sour flavors

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Teeth

 Cutting teeth  Bite  Tear  Cut 

Incisors



Cuspids (canines)

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Teeth

 Grinding teeth 

Bicuspids (premolars)



Molars

 Third molar is

wisdom tooth

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Figure 8.3A – The name and shape of the adult teeth.

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Tooth Structure



Gums

 Mucous membrane + connective tissue  Seals off teeth in socket  Tooth is divided into:  

Crown

– above gum

Root

– below gum

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Tooth Structure



Enamel

 Outer covering  In crown only  Hardest substance 

Dentin

 Under enamel  In crown and root  Bulk of tooth

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Tooth Structure



Pulp cavity

 In crown and root canal  Blood vessels, nerves 

Cementum periodontal

and

ligaments

 Anchors root in jawbone

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Humans Have 2 Sets of Teeth



Deciduous teeth

 First set, baby teeth  20 teeth erupt between ages 6 and 28 months 

Permanent teeth

 Second set, adult teeth  About 6 years of age, baby teeth fall out  Replaced by 32 permanent teeth  Process continues until 18-20 years of age

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Pharynx

 Swallowed food enters

oropharynx

 Proceeds down pharynx into

laryngopharynx



Epiglottis

 Covers larynx and trachea  Shunts food away from lungs & into esophagus

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Figure 8.2 – Structures of the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus.

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Esophagus

 10-inch long muscular tube  Food enters from pharynx  Delivered to stomach  Propelled along by wavelike muscular movements  Called

peristalsis

 Pushes food through entire gut tube

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The Stomach

 J-shaped muscular organ  Collects & churns food  Mixes it with

hydrochloric acid (HCl)

 Forms

chyme

 Watery mix of food and digestive juices

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The Stomach

 Three regions   

Fundus

– upper

Body

– main

Antrum

– lower 

Rugae

are folds in stomach lining  Stretch out to allow stomach to expand with food

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Sphincters

 Muscular valves  Control flow of food 

Lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter

 Keeps food from backing up into esophagus 

Pyloric sphincter

 Allows highly acidic chyme to enter small intestine

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Small Intestine

 Longest portion of alimentary canal  Averages 20 feet  Between pyloric sphincter and colon  Site of:  Completion of digestion  Majority of absorption

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Three Sections of Small Intestine

 Duodenum  First section – about 10-12 inches long  Starts at pyloric sphincter  Jejunum  Second section – about 8 feet long  Ileum  Third section – about 12 feet long  Connects to colon at ileocecal valve

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Figure 8.6 – The small intestine – duodenum, jejunum, ileum – begins at the pyloric sphincter and ends at the colon.

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Colon

 5 feet long  Extends from

ileocecal valve

anus

 Fluid that remains after digestion and absorption enters colon  Most is water and is reabsorbed into body  Solid waste left over is

feces

 Evacuated in bowel movements

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Regions of the Colon



Cecum



Appendix



Ascending colon



Transverse colon



Descending colon



Sigmoid colon

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Rectum and Anus



Rectum

is area for storage of feces  Leads to anus  External opening of alimentary canal  Feces are evacuated  Called

defecation

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Figure 8.7 – The regions of the colon.

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Accessory Organs

 Generally function by producing substances necessary for chemical breakdown of food  Salivary glands  Liver  Gallbladder  Pancreas

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Salivary Glands

 Produce

saliva

 Allows food to be swallowed without choking  Saliva + food =

bolus

 Contains

amylase

 Begins digestion of carbohydrates

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Salivary Glands

 Three pairs 

Parotid glands



Sublingual glands



Submandibular glands

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Liver

 Located in right upper quadrant of abdomen  Processes nutrients  Detoxifies harmful substances  Produces

bile



Emulsification

 Breaks up large fat globules into smaller droplets

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Figure 8.9 – The accessory organs of the digestive system: the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

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Gallbladder

 Lies under liver  Stores bile produced by liver 

Hepatic duct



Cystic duct



Common bile duct

carries bile to duodenum

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Figure 8.9 – The accessory organs of the digestive system: the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

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Pancreas

 Digestive juices include: 

Buffers

– neutralize acidic chyme 

Enzymes

– digest carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

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Figure 8.9 – The accessory organs of the digestive system: the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

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Fourth Edition

Word Building with an/o & bucc/o

–al anal pertaining to anus –al buccal labi/o –al labiobuccal pertaining to cheek pertaining to lips and cheeks

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Word Building with append/o & appendic/o

–ectomy appendectomy surgical removal of appendix –itis appendicitis inflammation of appendix

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Word Building with cholecyst/o & dent/o

–ectomy –gram –ic –algia cholecystectomy cholecystogram cholecystic cholecystalgia removal of gallbladder X-ray record of gallbladder pertaining to gallbladder gallbladder pain –al –algia dental dentalgia pertaining to teeth tooth pain

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Word Building with col/o & colon/o

–ectomy –ostomy colectomy colostomy rect/o –al colorectal removal of colon new opening into colon pertaining to colon & rectum –scope –ic colonoscope colonic instrument to view colon pertaining to colon

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Word Building with duoden/o, enter/o, & esophag/o

–al duodenal pertaining to duodenum –ic –itis enteric enteritis pertaining to intestine inflammation of intestine –eal –ectasis esophageal pertaining to esophagus esophagectasis dilation of esophagus

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Word Building with gastr/o

–algia –ic enter/o –itis enter/o –ologist –malacia gastralgia gastric gastroenteritis stomach pain pertaining to stomach inflammation of stomach gastroenterologist stomach specialist gastromalacia stomach softening

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Word Building with gastr/o

nas/o –ic nasogastric –ostomy gastrostomy –scope –itis –ectomy gastroscope gastritis gastrectomy pertaining to nose & stomach new opening into stomach instrument to view stomach inflammation of stomach surgical removal of stomach

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Word Building with gingiv/o & gloss/o

–al –itis gingival gingivitis –al hypo – –al glossal hypoglossal pertaining to gums gum inflammation pertaining to tongue pertaining to under tongue

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Word Building with hepat/o & ile/o

–itis –oma –ic hepatitis hepatoma hepatic –al –ostomy ileal ileostomy inflammation of liver liver tumor pertaining to liver pertaining to ileum new opening into ileum

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Word Building with jejun/o, lapar/o, & lingu/o

–al jejunal pertaining to jejunum –otomy –scope laparotomy laparoscope incision into abdomen instrument to view inside colon sub – –al sublingual pertaining to under the tongue

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Word Building with odont/o, or/o, & palat/o

orth/o –ic orthodontic pertaining to straight teeth –al oral pertaining to mouth –plasty palatoplasty surgical repair of palate

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Word Building with pancreat/o & pharyng/o

–itis –ic pancreatitis pancreatic inflammation of pancreas pertaining to pancreas –eal –plegia –plasty pharyngeal pharyngoplegia pharyngoplasty pertaining to pharynx pharynx paralysis surgical repair of pharynx

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Word Building with proct/o & pylor/o

–ptosis proctoptosis drooping rectum & anus –logist proctologist rectum & anus specialist –pexy proctopexy surgical fixation of rectum & anus –ic pyloric pertaining to pylorus

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Word Building with rect/o, sialaden/o, & sigmoid/o

–al rectal pertaining to rectum –itis –scope –al sialadenitis inflammation of salivary glands sigmoidoscope sigmoidal instrument to view inside sigmoid colon pertaining to sigmoid colon

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Word Building with –emesis, –orexia, & –prandial

hemat/o hyper – hematemesis vomit blood hyperemesis excessive vomiting an – dys – anorexia dysorexia lack of appetite abnormal appetite post – postprandial pertaining to after a meal

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Word Building with –pepsia & –phagia

brady – dys – bradypepsia dyspepsia a – dys – poly – aphagia dysphagia polyphagia slow digestion painful digestion lack of eating abnormal eating too much eating

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Digestive System Vocabulary

anorexia ascites bowel incontinence loss of appetite with other conditions; different from anorexia nervosa collection of fluid in peritoneal cavity inability to control defecation bridge cachexia dental appliance attached to adjacent teeth to replace missing teeth loss of weight and wasting occurring during chronic disease

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Digestive System Vocabulary

constipation crown dental caries dentistry denture diarrhea difficult or infrequent defecation artificial tooth to replace original crown decay of tooth due to bacterial infection; tooth cavity prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions involving teeth, jaw, and mouth partial or complete set of artificial teeth frequent, watery bowel movements

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Digestive System Vocabulary

emesis gastroenterology hematochezia implant internal medicine vomiting diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the digestive system passing bright red blood in stools prosthetic device in jaw to anchor a tooth diagnosis and treatment of diseases of internal organs

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Digestive System Vocabulary

jaundice melena nausea obesity orthodontics yellow cast to skin; caused by deposit of bile pigment; often caused by liver disease passage of dark tarry stool, due to digested blood urge to vomit weight above healthy levels correction of problems of tooth alignment

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Digestive System Vocabulary

periodontics polyp proctology pyrosis treating conditions of the gums and area around teeth tumor with a pedicle (stem) attachment; found on mucous membranes diagnosis and treatment of diseases of anus and rectum stomach acid splashing into esophagus; heartburn regurgitation backflow of stomach contents into mouth

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Oral Cavity Pathology

aphthous ulcers cleft lip cleft palate ulcers in the mouth; commonly called canker sores congenital anomaly where upper lip and jaw fail to fuse in the midline, leaving a gap congenital anomaly where hard palate fails to fuse in the midline, leaving an opening into nasal cavity

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Oral Cavity Pathology

herpes labialis periodontal disease herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection; fever blisters or cold sores disease of supporting structures around the teeth; especially the gums; most common cause of tooth loss

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Esophageal Pathology

esophageal varices gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) varicose veins in the esophagus; hemorrhaging occurs if rupture acid from stomach flows backward up into esophagus causing inflammation and pain

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Stomach Pathology

gastric carcinoma hiatal hernia peptic ulcer disease (PUD) malignant tumor in stomach protrusion of stomach through diaphragm into thoracic cavity; also called diaphragmatocele ulcer in the lower portion of esophagus, stomach, and/or duodenum; caused by high acid of stomach juices; may be a result of

Helicobacter pylori

infection

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Small Intestine & Colon Pathology

anal fistula colorectal carcinoma Crohn’s disease abnormal passageway from surface directly into rectum; around anal opening malignant tumor in the colon or rectum chronic inflammatory bowel disease, primarily in ileum and/or colon; results in scarring; also called regional ileitis

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Small Intestine & Colon Pathology

diverticulitis diverticulosis dysentery inflammation of a diverticulum, an outpouching off the colon; results from food being trapped inside condition of having diverticula, may lead to diverticulitis diarrhea with mucus and blood, severe abdominal pain, and fever; caused by contaminated food or water

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Small Intestine & Colon Pathology

hemorrhoids ileus inguinal hernia varicose veins in the anal region severe abdominal pain, inability to defecate, abdominal distension; caused by intestinal blockage protrusion of a loop of bowel through abdominal muscle and into groin region; may become incarcerated or strangulated if muscle pinches the loop of bowel

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Small Intestine & Colon Pathology

intussusception irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) one part of intestine slips or telescopes into another section disturbance in function of intestine for unknown reason; causes abdominal cramping and alternating diarrhea and constipation; also called functional bowel syndrome

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Small Intestine & Colon Pathology

polyposis ulcerative colitis volvulus having polyps growing on the mucous membrane of the colon; may become cancerous chronic inflammatory condition with numerous small ulcers on the lining of the colon; also called inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) bowel twists upon itself causing an obstruction

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Accessory Organ Pathology

cholecystitis cholelithiasis cirrhosis hepatitis inflammation of gallbladder; commonly caused by gallstones presence of gallstones; may or may not cause symptoms chronic liver disease due to liver failure inflammation of liver; usually due to a viral infection

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Clinical Laboratory Tests

alanine transaminase (ALT) aspartate transaminase (AST) fecal occult blood (FOBT) normal enzyme in the bloodstream; increased levels indicate liver disease normal enzyme in the bloodstream; increased levels indicate liver disease examines feces for microscopic amounts of blood; also called hemoccult

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Clinical Laboratory Tests

ova and parasites (O&P) serum bilirubin stool culture examination of feces for presence of parasites or their eggs determines amount of bilirubin in bloodstream; indicates liver disease culture of feces to look for presence of pathogenic bacteria

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Diagnostic Imaging

bite-wing X-ray intravenous cholecystography lower gastrointestinal series (lower GI) X-ray of teeth with film holder held in the teeth X-ray of gallbladder and bile ducts after intravenous injection of dye X-ray of colon and rectum after barium dye injected via an enema; also called a barium enema (BE)

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Diagnostic Imaging

percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) X-ray of liver and bile duct after dye is injected directly into liver upper gastrointestinal series (upper GI) X-ray of esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after swallowing barium; also called barium swallow

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Endoscopic Procedures

esophagogastro duodenoscopy (EGD) endoscopic retrograde cholangiopan creatography (ERCP) using a scope to view inside the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum visual examine inside hepatic duct, common bile duct, and pancreatic duct; scope is inserted through anus and worked backwards through gut

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Endoscopic Procedures

colonoscopy gastroscopy laparoscopy sigmoidoscopy visual examination inside of colon and rectum using a colonoscope visual examination inside of stomach using a gastroscope visual examination inside of abdominal cavity using a laparoscope visual examination inside of sigmoid colon using a sigmoidoscope

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Dental Procedures

extraction root canal removing teeth drilling out of pulp cavity of a tooth; used to save a tooth that is badly infected

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Medical Procedures

gavage lavage placing liquid nourishment directly into stomach via a nasogastric tube washing out stomach using a nasogastric tube nasogastric intubation (NG tube) flexible catheter inserted into nose and down esophagus into the stomach total parenteral nutrition (TPN) providing 100% of patient nutrition; used when patient is unable to eat

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Surgical Procedures

anastomosis bariatric surgery choledocholithotripsy surgical creation of a connection between two organs; like joining together two sections of colon surgical procedures to treat morbid obesity; like stomach stapling surgical crushing of a gallstone in the common bile duct

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Surgical Procedures

colostomy surgical creation of opening into some portion of colon through abdominal wall diverticulectomy surgical removal of diverticula exploratory laparotomy surgical procedure to examine the abdominal organs

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Figure 8.19A – The colon illustrating various –ostomy sites.

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Figure 8.19B – Colostomy in the descending colon.

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Surgical Procedures

fistulectomy gastric stapling hemorrhoidectomy removal of a fistula procedure to close off large section of stomach with rows of staples; results in much smaller stomach surgical removal of hemorrhoids

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Surgical Procedures

hernioplasty laparoscopic cholecystectomy liver transplant surgical repair of a hernia surgical removal of gallbladder through a laparoscopic incision implantation of a donor liver

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Digestive System Pharmacology

anorexiant antacid antidiarrheal antiemetic suppresses appetite to treat obesity neutralizes stomach acid used to control diarrhea treats nausea and vomiting Adipost, Obezine Tums, Maalox, Mylanta Imodium, Lomotil Compazine, Phenergan

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Digestive System Pharmacology

emetic H 2 -receptor antagonist laxative proton pump inhibitor induces vomiting Ipecac syrup blocks the production of stomach acid stimulates a bowel movement blocks stomach’s ability to secrete acid Zantac, Pepcid, Tagament Senokot, Metamucil Nexium, Prilosec

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Digestive System Abbreviations

ac ALT AST Ba BE BM BS before meals alanine transaminase aspartate transaminase barium barium enema bowel movement bowel sounds

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Digestive System Abbreviations

CBD EGD ERCP FOBT GB GERD GI common bile duct esophagogastroduodenoscopy endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography fecal occult blood test gallbladder gastroesophageal reflux disease gastrointestinal

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Digestive System Abbreviations

HAV HBV HCl HCV HDV HEV HSV-1 hepatitis A virus hepatitis B virus hydrochloric acid hepatitis C virus hepatitis D virus hepatitis E virus herpes simplex virus type 1

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Digestive System Abbreviations

IBD IBS IVC NG NPO n&v O&P inflammatory bowel disease irritable bowel syndrome intravenous cholangiography nasogastric nothing by mouth nausea and vomiting ova and parasites

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Digestive System Abbreviations

pc PO pp PTC PUD TPN UGI after meals by mouth postprandial percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography peptic ulcer disease total parenteral nutrition upper gastrointestinal series

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