Transcript Chapter 17
Chapter 17: Blood William Harvey 1578-1657 Discovered the nature of blood and circulation with the heart. Figure 17.1: The major components of whole blood, p. 647. Plasma (55% of whole blood) 1 Withdraw blood and place in tube Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn 2 Centrifuge Buffy coat: leukocytes and platelets (<1% of whole blood) Erythrocytes (45% of whole blood) Formed elements Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 17.2: Photomicrograph of a human blood smear stained with Wright’s stain, p. 649. Platelets Neutrophils Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Erythrocytes Monocyte Lymphocyte Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 17.9: Types and relative percentages of leukocytes in normal blood, p. 657. Differential WBC count (All total 4800– 10,800/ml) Formed elements Platelets Granulocytes • Neutrophils (50–70%) Leukocytes • Eosinophils (2–4%) • Basophils (0.5–1%) Erythrocytes Agranulocytes • Lymphocytes (25–45%) • Monocytes (3–8%) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. John Jacob Abel 1857 – 1938 Endocrinologist who was extensively involved with work on insulin and adrenalin. His most famous work however was in designing blood dialysis. Figure 17.4: Structure of hemoglobin, p. 651. 1 2 H3C CH2CH2COOH N CH2CH2COOH H2C=CH N Fe N CH3 H3C N H2C=CH a2 a1 (a) Hemoglobin Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn CH3 Polypeptide chain (b) Iron-containing heme group Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 17.6: Erythropoietin mechanism for regulating erythropoiesis, p. 653. Start Homeostasis: Normal blood oxygen levels Increases O2- carrying ability of blood Stimulus: Hypoxia due to decreased RBC count, decreased amount of hemoglobin, or decreased availability of O2 Reduces O2 levels in blood Enhanced erythropoiesis increases RBC count Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow Kidney (and liver to a smaller extent) releases erythropoietin Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Higher Elevation leads to lowered oxygen levels. Figure 17.7: Life cycle of red blood cells, p. 654. 1 Low O2 levels in blood stimulate kidneys to produce erythropoietin. 2 Erythropoietin levels rise in blood. 3 Erythropoietin and necessary raw materials in blood promote erythropoiesis in red bone marrow. 4 New erythrocytes 5 Aged and damaged red enter bloodstream; blood cells are engulfed by function about macrophages of liver, spleen, 120 days. and bone marrow; the hemoglobin is broken down. Hemoglobin Bilirubin Bilirubin is picked up from blood by liver, secreted into intestine in bile, metabolized to stercobilin by bacteria and excreted in feces Heme Iron stored as ferritin, hemosiderin Amino acids Iron is bound to transferrin and released to blood from liver as needed for erythropoiesis Food nutrients, including amino acids, Fe, B12, and folic acid are absorbed from intestine and enter blood Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Globin Circulation 6 Raw materials are made available in blood for erythrocyte synthesis. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 17.5: Erythropoiesis: genesis of red blood cells, p. 652. Stem cell Hemocytoblast Committed cell Proerythroblast Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Developmental pathway Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Ribosome synthesis Hemoglobin accumulation Ejection of nucleus Early erythroblast Late erythroblast Normoblast Reticulocyte Erythrocyte Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 17.11: Leukocyte formation, p. 661. Hemocytoblast Stem cells Myeloid stem cell Committed cells Developmental pathway Myeloblast Myeloblast Promyelocyte Promyelocyte Lymphoid stem cell Myeloblast Lymphoblast Promyelocyte Promonocyte Prolymphocyte Eosinophilic myelocyte Basophilic myelocyte Neutrophilic myelocyte Eosinophilic band cells Basophilic band cells Neutrophilic band cells Monocytes Neutrophils Lymphocytes (c) (d) (e) Agranular Some leukocytes become Granular leukocytes Some become Plasma cells Macrophages (tissues) Eosinophils Basophils (a) (b) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 17.12: Genesis of platelets, p. 662. Stem cell Developmental pathway Hemocytoblast Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryocyte Platelets Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Karl Landsteiner – 1901 discovered the ABO blood groups Figure 17.15: Blood typing of ABO blood types, p. 671. Blood being tested Serum Anti-A Anti-B Type AB (contains agglutinogens A and B) RBCs Type B (contains agglutinogen B) Type A (contains agglutinogen A) Type O (contains no agglutinogens) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.