Transcript Chpater 22
Chapter 22: The Respiratory System Alexander Graham Bell – invented the respiratory jacket in 1882. This device was the precursor to the IRON LUNG developed by Philip Drinker in the 1920s. Figure 22.1: The major respiratory organs in relation to surrounding structures, p. 832. Nasal cavity Nostril Oral cavity Pharynx Trachea Larynx Right main (primary) bronchus Right lung Carina of trachea Left main (primary) bronchus Left lung Diaphragm Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 22.2: The external nose, p. 833. (a) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Epicranius, Frontal bone frontal belly Nasal bone Septal Root and cartilage bridge Maxillary of nose bone Dorsum nasi (frontal process) Ala of nose Lateral process of septal cartilage Minor alar cartilages Dense fibrous Apex of nose connective tissue Philtrum Major alar Naris (nostril) cartilages (b) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 22.3a: The upper respiratory tract, p. 834. Olfactory nerves Olfactory epithelium Mucosa of pharynx Tubal tonsil Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube Nasopharynx Superior nasal concha and superior nasal meatus Middle nasal concha and middle nasal meatus Inferior nasal concha and inferior nasal meatus Hard palate Soft palate Uvula (a) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 22.3b: The upper respiratory tract, p. 834. Sphenoidal sinus Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior) Pharyngeal tonsil Opening of pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube Nasopharynx Posterior nasal aperture Uvula Palatine tonsil Isthmus of the fauces Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Vestibular fold Vocal fold Frontal sinus Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) Nasal vestibule Nostril Hard palate Soft palate Tongue Lingual tonsil Epiglottis Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Laryngeal cartilages Esophagus Thyroid gland Trachea (b) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 22.4a-b: The larynx, p. 836. Epiglottis Thyrohyoid membrane Cuneiform cartilage Corniculate cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Arytenoid muscles Cricoid cartilage Body of hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) Cricothyroid ligament Cricotracheal ligament Body of hyoid bone Thyrohyoid membrane Fatty pad Vestibular fold (false vocal cord) Thyroid cartilage Vocal fold (true vocal cord) Cricothyroid ligament Cricotracheal ligament Tracheal cartilages (a) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn (b) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 22.5: Movements of the vocal cords, p. 837. Base of tongue Epiglottis False vocal cord True vocal cord (a) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Glottis Inner lining of trachea Corniculate cartilage (b) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 22.6: Tissue composition of the tracheal wall, p. 839. Posterior Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Esophagus Trachealis muscle Mucous membrane Submucosa Adventitia Lumen of trachea Seromucous glands in submucosa Hyaline cartilage Anterior (a) (b) (c) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 22.7: Conducting zone passages, p. 840. Trachea Superior lobe of right lung Superior lobe of left lung Right main (primary) bronchus Lobar (secondary) bronchus Middle lobe of right lung Inferior lobe of right lung Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Segmental (tertiary) bronchus Inferior lobe of left lung Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 22.8: Respiratory zone structures, p. 841. Alveolar duct Alveoli Alveolar duct Respiratory bronchioles Terminal bronchiole Alveolar sac (a) Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar pores Alveolar duct Alveoli (b) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Alveolar sac Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 22.9a-b: The respiratory membrane, p. 843. Capillaries Smooth muscle Alveolus (a) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Elastic fibers (b) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 22.9c-d: The respiratory membrane, p. 843. Type II (surfactantsecreting) cell Type I cell of alveolar wall Red blood cell Epithelial cell nucleus Capillary Endothelial cell nucleus Capillary O2 CO2 Alveolus Macrophage Respiratory membrane Alveoli (gas-filled air spaces) Red blood cell in capillary Alveolar pores Alveolus (d) Alveolar epithelium Fused basement membranes of the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium Nucleus of type I (squamous epithelial) cell Capillary endothelium (c) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 22.10a: Anatomical relationships of organs in the thoracic cavity, p. 844. Parietal pleura Apex of lung Rib Trachea Thymus Right superior lobe Horizontal fissure Right middle lobe Oblique fissure Right inferior lobe Heart (in mediastinum) Diaphragm Base of lung (a) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Lung Pleural cavity Intercostal muscle Visceral pleura Left superior lobe Cardiac notch Oblique fissure Left inferior lobe Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 22.16a: Respiratory volumes and capacities, p. 852. 6000 Milliliters (ml) 5000 4000 Inspiratory reserve volume 3100 ml Inspiratory capacity 3600 ml 3000 Tidal volume 500 ml 2000 1000 Expiratory reserve volume 1200 ml Residual volume 1200 ml Vital capacity 4800 ml Total lung capacity 6000 ml Functional residual capacity 2400 ml 0 (a) Spirographic record for a male Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 22.16b: Respiratory volumes and capacities, p. 852. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) Adult male Adult female average average Description value value Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting 500 ml 500 ml conditions Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal 3100 ml 1900 ml volume inhalation Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal 1200 ml 700 ml volume exhalation Residual volume (RV) 1200 ml 1100 ml Total lung capacity (TLC) 6000 ml 4200 ml Vital capacity (VC) 4800 ml 3100 ml Inspiratory capacity (IC) 3600 ml 2400 ml Functional residual capacity (FRC) 1800 ml Respiratory capacities Respiratory volumes Measurement Tidal volume (TV) 2400 ml Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort: TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort: VC = TV + IRV + ERV (should be 80% TLC) Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration: IC = TV + IRV Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration: FRC = ERV + RV (b) Summary of respiratory volumes and capacities for males and females Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 22.17: Partial pressure gradients promoting gas movements in the body, p. 856. Inspired air: PO2 160 mm Hg PCO2 0.3 mm Hg O2 CO2 External respiration Blood entering alveolar capillaries: PO2 40 mm Hg PCO2 45 mm Hg Alveoli of lungs: PO2 104 mm Hg PCO2 40 mm Hg O2 CO2 O2 CO2 Blood leaving alveolar capillaries: PO2 104 mm Hg PCO2 40 mm Hg O2 CO2 Pulmonary veins (PO2 100 mm Hg) O2 CO2 Pulmonary arteries Systemic veins Blood leaving tissue capillaries: PO2 40 mm Hg PCO2 45 mm Hg Heart O2 CO2 Internal respiration Expired air: PO2 120 mm Hg PCO2 27 mm Hg Systemic arteries Blood entering tissue capillaries: PO2 100 mm Hg PCO2 40 mm Hg O2 CO2 Tissues: PO2 less than 40 mm Hg PCO2 greater than 45 mm Hg O2 CO2 Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 22.28: The pathogenesis of COPD, p. 871. • Tobacco smoke • Air pollution a-1 antitrypsin deficiency Continual bronchial irritation and inflammation Breakdown of elastin in connective tissue of lungs Chronic bronchitis Bronchial edema, chronic productive cough, bronchospasm Emphysema Destruction of alveolar walls, loss of lung elasticity, air trapping • Airway obstruction or air trapping • Dyspnea • Frequent infections • Abnormal ventilationperfusion ratio • Hypoxemia • Hypoventilation Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Additional Items to Review About the Lymphatic System Figure 20.1: Distribution and special structural features of lymphatic capillaries, p. 774. Venous system Heart Arterial system Venule Loose connective tissue around capillaries Arteriole Lymph duct Lymph trunk Lymph node Lymphatic system Lymphatic collecting vessels, with valves Lymphatic capillary Tissue fluid Tissue cell (a) Blood capillaries Blood Lymphatic capillaries capillary Filaments anchored to connective tissue Endothelial cell Flaplike minivalve Fibroblast in loose connective tissue (b) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 20.2a: The lymphatic system, p. 776. Regional lymph nodes: Cervical nodes Axillary nodes Entrance of right lymphatic duct into right subclavian vein Internal jugular vein Entrance of thoracic duct into left subclavian vein Thoracic duct Aorta Cisterna chyli Lymphatic collecting vessels Inguinal nodes (a) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. • Please remember that the overall design of the lymphatic system is a slightly modified replication of the arterial and venous systems. Namely, the lymphatic vessels include the larger “lymphatic vessels” the “lymphatuoles” and the “lymphatic capillaries”. • From the lymphatic system, the fluids that are collected will be transported back into circulation via the veins in the blood vascular system. One specific entry point is the subclavian vein. • Peyer’s patches are significantly involved with aspects of immune response associated with the digestive system and last during our entire lifetime. • The way in which the lymphatic capillaries draws fluid into them is via the movment of the slitlike flaps through their attachment with filaments to the sidewalls of other tissues. • Lymphatic vessels have valves like seen in veins. • The cisterna chyli is a dialated part of the thorascic duct in the lymphatic system. Figure 20.4: Lymph node, p. 778. Afferent lymphatic vessels Cortex: • Lymphoid follicle • Germinal center • Subcapsular sinus Efferent lymphatic vessels Follicles Trabecula Subcapsular sinus (a) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Capsule Hilum Medulla: Capsule • Medullary cord • Medullary sinus Medullary cords Medullary Trabeculae sinuses (b) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 20.5: Lymphoid organs, p. 779. Tonsils (in pharyngeal region) Thymus (in thorax; most active during youth) Spleen (curves around left side of stomach) Peyer’s patches (in intestine) Appendix Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.