Absolute Monarchs Revised
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Transcript Absolute Monarchs Revised
Absolute Monarchs
Textbook Chapter 18
The Power of Spain: Main Idea
Spain
experienced a
golden age
during the 1500s
Economic
problems and
military
struggles
decreased
Spanish power
by the 1600s
The King Becomes Emperor
1516 - King Charles I
becomes king of Spain
Rules as ABSOLUTE
MONARCH
Absolute monarchs
have divine right and
may not be challenged
In Spain, Charles
struggled to control
empire
Charles V and the Empire
How might being both
King of Spain and the
Holy Roman Emperor
create difficulties for
Charles?
1519 –
throne of
Holy Roman
Empire
vacant, King
Charles I
becomes
Holy Roman
Emperor
Charles V
Charles V and Religion
Wants all of
Europe to be
Catholic
• 1521 – confronts
Martin Luther
• Rebellions against
Catholic rulers
spread
• Charles V is forced
to sign Peace of
Augsburg
Martin Luther
Dividing the Empire
1556 – Charles V
gives up throne
Ferdinand
Splits empire
between brother
and son
• Brother –
Hapsburg holdings
in Austria
• Son –
Netherlands,
Spain, Sicily,
Spain’s colonies
Philip
Thinking Questions
In what ways was Charles the V
a successful emperor?
In what ways was he
unsuccessful?
Spain Under Philip II
Spain at peak of
grandeur
Marries Queen Mary I
of England
No heir
1560s – Calvinist
Protestants in
northern Low Country
provinces revolt
Dutch Revolt
Philip II sends
Duke of Alba
with army to
punish Dutch
• Court of Blood tortures and
executes rebels
Revolt
continued until
1609
Spain and England
English aid
Dutch – both
Protestant
English sea
dogs attack
Spanish ships
King Philip II
decides to
invade England
Sir Francis Drake
Spanish Armada
Naval fleet
assembled to
attack England
Queen
Elizabeth I is
prepared for
attack
An Empire in Decline
Spain recovers from Spanish Armada,
but still has internal problems
• Gov’t not centralized – Philip trusts
nobody
• Wealth from America on war
• Philip borrows lots of money, goes into
bankruptcy 4 times
Thinking Question
What were 2 events that caused
problems for Spain?
What effects might bankruptcy
have on the development of
Spain?
Absolute Monarchy in France:
Main Idea
Henry IV, Louis
XIII, and Louis
XIV strengthened
the French
monarchy
Louis XIV set the
example of an
absolute
monarch for the
rest of Europe
Religious War and Henry IV
John Calvin
1560s – 1 in 10
French =
Huguenots
• Threat to Catholic
French monarchy
• “one king, one
law, one religion”
• Religious conflict
was challenge to
absolute
monarchy
Conflict and New King
St. Bartholomew Day
Massacre ordered by
Queen Catherine
de’Medici
• 70,000 Huguenots
killed
Henry of Navarre
escapes death by
denying religion
• 1593 – coverts to
Catholicism
• Becomes King Henry IV
Compromise and Progress
1598 - Edict of Nantes
• Gives Huguenots
limited freedom of
worship – no longer
need to follow
religion of king
• Catholicism is still
official religion
Henry focuses on
repairing war-torn
country
Thinking Question
What were some of the high
points and low points in the life
of Henry IV?
Louis XIII and Richelieu
Louix XIII
1610 – Henry IV
murdered, son Louis
XIII crowed
Cardinal Richelieu =
right-hand man
• Reduce power of
Huguenots and
strengthen monarchy
• Cuts off supplies to
port city of La
Rochelle
Threat from Nobles
Louis XIII and Richelieu suppress
nobles
• Richelieu’s spies uncover series of secret
planned revolts
• Punishments severe and included
execution
Richelieu directs foreign policy
• Thirty Years War
• Sides with Protestants in effort to
overthrow Hapsburgs
Thinking Question
Who did Louis XIII and Cardinal
Richelieu see as their enemies?
Monarchy of Louis XIV
Louis XIII and
Richelieu die
Louis XIV crowned at
time of power,
prosperity, and glory
Rise of the “Sun
King”
• Cardinal Mazarin
advises
• Begins to rule by
himself at age 18
Louis XIV, Absolutism, and
Versailles
Begins tradition of
absolute monarchy
that lasts over a
century
Deprives nobles of
influence
Urges nobles to
develop expensive
new habits of
dressing, dining, and
gambling
Spectacle at Versailles
Versailles was a grand
spectacle of kingly power
•Louis XIV’s style emphasized
political strength
•Practically every moment of
king’s day required rituals by
bowing courtiers
Louis and Protestantism
Smashed power of
Huguenots
• 1685 - revoked Edict of
Nantes
• Results in financial crisis
Treasury saved by policies
of Jean-Baptiste Colbert
• Enlarges military
• Spends money on good
equipment
Louis XIV becomes most
powerful ruler in Europe
War Over a Throne
War of Spanish
Succession
Louis wants Spanish
throne for his oldest
son
1701 - England,
Netherlands, Holy
Roman Empire went
to war against France
Treaty of Utrecht
Louis XIV remains
in power until death
in 1715
1713 - After many defeats, Louis accepts
treaty
• Louis’ grandson got Spanish throne
• France and Spain never to be ruled by same
monarch
• Louis gave up territory acquired
Thinking Question
What were some main events
during Louis XIV’s reign?
Monarchy in England:
Main Idea
In contrast to the
absolute monarchies
of Spain and France,
the English monarch
was limited by
Parliament
Following a civil war,
Parliament became
even more powerful
The Tudors and Parliament
Henry and Elizabeth
• 2 prominent
members of Tudor
dynasty
• In England,
Parliament placed
curbs on absolute
monarchy
• Both father and
daughter had to
learn to work with
Parliament to fulfill
goals
Henry and
Parliament
• Henry VIII created
Protestant Church in
England to divorce
first wife
• Had Parliament pass
laws ending power of
pope in England
• 1534 - Act of
Supremacy
Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth
Henry VIII Edward Mary I
• Bloody Mary makes England Catholic
• 1558 - Mary dies
Elizabeth I crowned queen
• Returns England to Anglican Church with
help of Parliament
Tension between Elizabeth and
Parliament
• Wanted Elizabeth to marry, she said “NO!”
Elizabeth in Charge
Elizabeth allows members of Parliament
to speak their minds without fear of
punishment
Elizabeth was clearly in charge, but had
difficulty keeping subjects from
questioning her actions
• Earl of Essex rebelled against authority
• Essex executed as traitor
• Not the last to question Queen Elizabeth’s
authority
Thinking Question
What did Henry VIII and Elizabeth I
work with Parliament to do?
The Stuarts and Parliament
Relative of the Scotland Tudors
succeeded Elizabeth
• Not as close to Parliament
James I
• Considered outsider
• Rarely got the money he needed from
Parliament
• Wanted to be absolute monarch
• Sees Puritans as a threat to his power
• Publishes the King James Bible
Charles I Defines Parliament
1625 - James I dies, son Charles I
takes over
Declines in popularity when marries
Catholic princess
Parliament refused to provide money
until Charles signed Petition of Right
• Limited king’s power - cannot act without
approval from Parliament
• Charles ends up taxing English people
without Parliament - forces bankers to lend
him money
Thinking Question
Why did the Stuarts have trouble with
Parliament?
The English Civil War
Conflict continued
• Between king who
believed in absolute
monarchy and
Parliament who saw
itself as independent
• 1640 - Charles I
finally reconvened
Parliament to ask for
money
• “Long Parliament”
Limited king’s
powers
• Having been ignored
11 years, Parliament
took opportunity to
further limit
• Demand Parliament
be called at least
every 3 years
Parliament
reconvened
Grudging
acceptance
• Parliament also ruled
king could no longer
dismiss Parliament
War with Parliament
Radical Puritans try to abolish
appointment of bishops in Anglican
Church
• King is outranged and arrested Puritan
leaders for treason
Charles led troops into House of
Commons, but men had already
escaped
1642 - English Civil War officially
begins
Royalists and Roundheads
King needed to rely on wealthy nobles called
Royalists to pay for army
Parliament could back its army by voting for
funding
• Roundheads = Puritans, merchants, some upper
class
• Led by Oliver Cromwell
• 1644 - kill 4,000 of king’s men
1646 - king surrenders and Cromwell
dismisses all members of Parliament who
disagreed with him
• Rump Parliament
Trial and Execution
Eventually Rump Parliament charged
king with treason and put him on trial
• Charles defended himself and recognized
the authority of Parliament to put him on
trial
• Charles sentences to death and executed
January 30, 1649
England Under Cromwell
England’s gov’t becomes
commonwealth and outlaws monarchy
Cromwell given title of Lord Protector
of England, Scotland, and Ireland
Foreign Issues
• Military expeditions to Scotland and
Ireland
• Economic policies led to war with Dutch
over trade; also warred on Spain
A Defender of Absolutism
Question of rule
• People troubled
by constant
turmoil in
England
• Thomas Hobbes
fled to France
during
Cromwell’s rule
• Hobbes wrote
Leviathan
Leviathan
• Hobbes
described
humans as
naturally selfish
• People need allpowerful
monarch to tell
them how to live
Thinking Question
What were some effects of the English
Civil War?
Monarchy Returns
The Restoration
• 1658 - Cromwell dies, son replces but not
a good leader
• Parliament eventually votes to bring back
monarchy
Charles II invited to be king
• Had to agree to Parliament’s conditions
The Reign of Charles II
Has to address conflict with Dutch, religious
tensions, role of Parliament
Supported religious toleration for Catholics,
but Parliament insisted on laws to strengthen
Church of England
(+) Charles reopened theaters
(+) Habeas Corpus Act passed
(-) 1665 - bubonic plague returned followed
by Great Fire of London
(+) After fire Charles supported public
construction projects
James II
Brother of Charles…CATHOLIC
James not popular - believed in right to
rule as absolute monarch
• Not tolerated by English
Glorious Revolution
• 1688 - William and Mary invited to become
monarchs
• Both Protestant
• James fled to France
Changes in Government
Bill of Rights
• William and Mary had
to sign before taking
throne
• Prevented monarch
from levying taxes
without consent of
Parliament
• US Bill of Rights
based on this
document
Constitutional
monarchy
• Term for monarchy
limited by law
• England rejected
conceot of absolute
monarch who ruled
by divine right, for
monarch ruled by law
Thinking Questions
What happened during the Glorious
Revolution?