PEOPLING OF THE AMERICAS
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Transcript PEOPLING OF THE AMERICAS
PEOPLING OF THE
AMERICAS
Pre-European contact and cultural
Exchange
Focus Questions
• What are several theories of where the
indigenous peoples of America’s
originated and what questions does the
evidence raise?
• What Civilizations existed prior to
European Contact and how have they
contributed to American economy, diet
and culture?
Identification & Study Guide
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Bering Strait
Clovis First
Monte Verde
Pleistocene man
Pre Columbian
contact
• Olmec
• Hohokam
• Mogollon
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Anasazi
Mississippian
Aztec
Pope revolt
Apalachee
Transoceanic Contact
Bering Strait Theory
• small group of big game hunters in Siberia
followed the Pleistocene mega fauna—
mammoth, mastodon, and extinct bison
• land bridge that formed during the last Ice
Age known as Beringia
• 12,000 – 20,000 years ago
Clovis
• 11,500-year-old fluted
projectile points found
in Clovis, New
Mexico.
• "Clovis" culture.
Monte Verde, Chile
• Monte Verde – Southern
Chile
– Pre-dates Clovis by 1,000
years
• How did people reach
South America with no
traces in between?
– Suggests alternate theory
Pleistocene Man – San Diego
• Yuha Pinto Wash
• Dated 50,000 years old
• Pre-dates Clovis & Beringia theory
Yuha Pinto Wash
overlying sediments are dated at more
than 50,000 years old
Pre-Columbian Trans-Oceanic
Contact
• 50,000 years ago people migrated by boat
to Australia
• DNA retrieved from a 10,000-year-old
fossilized tooth from an Alaskan island,
with specific coastal
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Tierra del Fuego
Ecuador
Mexico
California
– lends substantial credence to a migration theory that at
least one set of early peoples moved south along the
west coast of the Americas in boats.
Rainbow Bridge Theory
• Luzia Skeleton, Lagoa Santa, Brazil
– Austro-Malaysian & African origin not Siberian
– Pleistocene (8,400 years old)
• Columbian River
– Oral Tradition
• Nazca, Peru – Hawaiian contact
– 1,000 years before Columbus
• Chumash – Hawaiian Contact
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Pre-European contact
500-700AD (2,500 years old+-)
Polynesian Sweet potatoes – origin S. America
Tomolo’o Carbon date 600 AD Technology Transfer
Oral Tradition
Muslim/African voyages
• Olmec Heads in Meso-America
• 1178 – Chinese Sung Document records
voyages of Muslims sailors
• 1310 Abu Bakari, Muslim King of Malian empire
– voyages to Americas
• 1312 Mandiga – Gulf of Mexico to Mississippi
River
• 1513 Pri Ries completes first world map includes
America
• 1530 10 million slaves to Americas/30% Muslim
Olmec Civilization
1500 BCE – 100 BCE
Cocaine Mummies
• 21st Dynasty of the Pharaoh’s 3,000 years ago
– Henet Tui – Lady of 2 Lands
– Dr. Svetla Balabanova, Toxicologist, Munich,
Germany
• 1992 remains included cocaine & nicotine
• 1/3 of other 134 other mummies 3700 BC -1100AD
– Additional Testing, Sample of 3,000 remains
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89% positive Egypt
90% positive Sudan
62.5% Positive China
34% positive Germany
100% positive Austria
China 1421
• Chinese reached America 71 years before
Columbus?
• Chinese Admiral Zheng He
– 30 year command of Ming Fleet
Civilizations of the Americas
• Some Civilizations of the Americas
– Northwestern
– Southwestern
• Anasazi, Mogollon, Hohokam, Sinagua, Salado
– South East and Mid west
• Mississippian and Mound building civilizations
– Meso- America T
• Toltec, Olmec, Mayan & Aztec
– South America –
• Wari, Mochi, Paracas, Nazca, Inca
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South West Civilizations
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Hohokam
Mogollon
“Anasazi” or ancient puebloan peoples
Sinagua
Salado
Hohokam
• First Southwestern Culture to Irrigate
crops
– >300 miles of Hohokam canals in the Salt
River valley alone
• Corn, beans, barley, cotton, tobacco, squash,
agave
• Southern and Central Arizona
– Pit houses in earlier periods
– Walled villages with multi story above ground
adobe buildings
Hohokam 300 BCE- 1200 CE
Hohokam Invented the
first etching process
Mogollon
• Descendants of earlier Cochise culture
(6000 BCE)
• Mogollon Culture 300 -200 BCE
– “Hunter Gatherer” & some agriculture
– Deer, bison, pronghorn, rabbit, turkey,
mountain sheep
– Beans, squash, corn
– Walnuts, cactus, acorns, pinon, agave,
mustard, sunflower, wild tomato
Mogollon
• Small villages
• Pithouse construction
• Later surface pueblo using stone masonry
construction, 4 – 5 rooms to 500 rooms
such as the Grasshopper pueblo in the
white mountains of AZ.
• Last pueblo occupied until about 1400 CE
near Springville, AZ.
Anasazi
• Colorado Plateau
• 1CE
• Corn, squash,
beans
• Agave, walnuts,
pinon, acorns,
yucca, prickly
pear, Indian rice
grass, wild
potatoes
Mesa Verde
• Elk, deer, pronghorn,
• Mt sheep, rabbit, turkey, birds, fish
PUEBLO BONITA, NM
• A.D. 1030 and 1079
• Constructed the first Apartment Bldg until
New York in 1882
Mississippian Culture
• Hopewell 100
BCE – 600 CE
• Mississippians
descendents
• Urban &
Agricultural
centers
– Same population
as London did in
1200
Cahokia Creek near Collinsville, Illinois,
At its height, around A.D. 1200
North Eastern Woodlands
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Indian democratic tradition
Suffrage for women
Chief or leaders were servants of the people
Diversity respected
First government to recognize the existence of a state within a state
First governing body: League of 5 nations or the Iroquois before
1600
– Oral constitution
– 50 representatives on a council
– Onandaga, Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida, Mohawk, and 100 years
later the Tuscarora
– Clan mother selected chiefs
– Women owned crops, houses and had voting rights
– Smaller yet the dominant nation in the region
Agricultural Influence Today
• 40 plants domesticated that make a
significant portion of agriculture today
• 42% by weight: corn, potato, peanuts
• 48% of the money generated from the sale
of agricultural products
The Peoples California
Terms from Lecture
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The sacred
Clowns
Status of old aged
Death’s place
Interdependence
Bird Songs
Hygiene
Who are “Indians”?
• The People
• First Nations
• Rich Diversity of cultural
expressions and languages
• Some beliefs & life ways held in
common among most
Belief systems & Life ways
• Shared Concepts
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The sacred as a practical system of knowledge
Respect
7 shared concepts of the sacred way
Status of old age
History and knowledge transmission
Death’s place in the cycle/concept of the circle
Hygiene/epidemiological
Subsistence
Identity
The Sacred
Explanation of sources of life and
ways of knowledge
Concept used to explain ways of
life, beliefs, traditions &
observances
Practical System of Knowledge
Western views/ indoctrinated religions
Attempt to dominate and control unknown
To overcome human frailty & weakness
Has begun to destroy equilibrium among people and
ecosystems
The Sacred
Limits amount of explaining
Guides behavior toward natural laws
If you seek to leave nothing unexplored, you will bring
disaster – Trying to be like gods rather than humans
Seeking Life
o Acknowledged the sacred and maintaining a
constant relationship between sacred and
oneself
o Cooperation, sharing and taking no more than
needed, giving thanks, equilibrium
o Capitalism
o “making a living”
o Competition
o Without balance, without sacred acknowledged
Respect
For those who protect the sacred ways
and help them grow
Spiritual life – most important expression
of humanity vs. material wealth
Sacred never indoctrinated, sectarian or
evangelical
Simple way of seeking life – Respects all
other’s expressions and life ways
Individually and communally
Shared concept of
The Sacred Way
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The Great Mystery
Interdependence
Commitment to the sources of life
Morals & Ethics
Sacred Practitioners
Humor is integral to the sacred ways
Status of Old Age
Learning/history & knowledge
Transmission
9. Death’s Place in Life cycle – concept of the
Circle
The Great Mystery
A belief in or knowledge of unseen
powers or what some people call the
Great Mystery or Great Spirit
Deities or spirits
A “Feeling” that something exists that is
sacred & mysterious
Unseen powers
Pit River People of N. California
A continuous “religious” or sacred experience
Interdependence of Life
Life depends on understanding and respecting
all life and equilibrium that is struck between
relationships of all things
If you destroy or alter one relationship, all others will
be affected and ultimately destroyed also
Natural resources are not infinite
Modoc People of N. California
Dominate western ideology
Man’s control of natural world
Progress = exploitation of natural resources
indefinitely w/ help of science and technology
All mysteries, uncertainties, and unknowns can
ultimately be Conquered and Explained
Worship: personal commitment
to sources of Life
o Reinforced the bond between the
individual, community and Great
Powers
o Seeking life
o community matter
o intensely personal one
o Ritual & prayer – to better understand the
forces of order, disorder, growth and
change
Forms of Worship
• Rituals: to revitalize and put in order the
elements in a tribes cosmology
– Important times of the year
• Summer & winter Equinox/Spring & fall solstice:
Make people conscious of economic and social
responsibilities connected with planting, harvesting
and distributing food
– Significant changes
• Birth, naming, renaming, puberty, tattoo:
Awareness of contribution to the life of the people
Forms of Worship
• Prayer : directed toward something, the
force of individuals will (or groups)
• Song: composed for dances, healing,
hunting ,honoring, cradle songs
– When sung with an objective in mind, they are
powerful
– Magic words, shadow words
Morals & Ethics
Morals set the limits and boundaries of personal
behavior
Ethics teach social behavior
Behavior – necessary for survival
Responsibility for self and community
Accountability for one’s actions and to community
Instruction vs. Sin/Hell
Figures taught to instruct or coerce children into
behaving certain ways
Clowns – unselfishness, awareness, patience, cleanliness
Sacred Practitioners
Responsible for passing sacred
knowledge from generation to generation
Often gifts are hereditary
A person may show inclinations at any time in
life
Different titles in different communities
Heal through prayer, faith, medicinal
knowledge of plants and minerals
Humor
• Necessary part of the sacred
• Humans are weak, not gods, weaknesses
lead to foolish acts
• Too much power & seriousness leads to
imbalance
• Cannot take ourselves too seriously
• Clowns needed to show us how we act
and why
Status of Old Aged
Status of honor and respect
Lived long, favored
Privileges
Asked for names and blessings
Give advice
Lecture
Counsel
Right to make opinions known
Instruction vs. Command & Corporal punishment
Knowledge Transmission
• Methods of learning
– Initiations, survival training, listening, waiting,
remembering
• Modes of Learning
– Stories, legends & Myths
• Methods of recording & passing
knowledge
– Oral histories, Rock paintings and
picto/petrographs, Basketry, other art forms
Origin Stories
What is transmitted:
Where the people came from
How stars were created and light became divided by
darkness
Discovery of fire
Origination of death
Basic survival tools
“coding” abstract notions of behavior,
cosmology, ways of seeking knowledge
Discover meaning of things or ideas on your
own, not indoctrinated or imposed
Death’s place
• Philosophy of life: never ending path or
road – circular thinking
– Conveys eternal return
– Death in some way returns to the beginning of
life
– You know all when you are born and slowly
forget
– Not to be feared, another transition in life
• Death ceremonies
Hygiene
• Cleanliness synonymous with good health
and living
– Daily bathing and sweating
– Knowledge of soap roots and purifying plants
– Population controlled – understood limits of the
land
– Medical people successful and Respected
• 18th century Europe
– Suffered disease as result of poor hygiene
– Overcrowding and malnutrition
– Medical doctors unsuccessful and detested by
population
Subsistence
• Acorns/Pinon/Mesquite Beans: Major
Staples of first nations Diet
• Oak/pine/Mesquite Trees
• Can be Made into Flour or Meal by
Pulverizing after Leaching (acorn) or
Washing
• Stored for Winter or Later Use
Subsistence
• Winter house/Summer house
• Managed the landscape
• Intimate knowledge of all resources and when
and where can be found
• Land use songs – Bird/Salt/Deer Songs
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Songs hereditary or gifted
Rights to use land, shared with permission
Resources generally shared and distributed evenly
Absence of malnutrition or starvation
• western concept of ownership
– Paper, legal, private ownership
Diversity
• California’s Diverse Landscape and
Isolation Has Produced Diverse:
– Groups
– Languages
– Subsistence Practices
– Modes of Dress and Shelter
– Expression of Cosmologies