Transcript ch08-0
Lone Star: The Story of Texas Chapter 8 Retreat to Victory: 1836 Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. Lone Star: The Story of Texas Chapter 8: Retreat to Victory: 1836 Section 1: Declaration of Independence and the Convention of 1836 Section 2: Sam Houston and Santa Anna Section 3: Victory at San Jacinto Section 4: Securing Independence Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. Declaration of Independence and the Convention of 1836 Chapter 8, Section 1 • Why did Texans call for the Convention of 1836? • How was the Texas Declaration of Independence similar to the United States Declaration of Independence? • In what ways was the Texas Constitution similar to the U.S. Constitution? • Why did the Interim Government have to move so many times? The Meeting of the Convention Chapter 8, Section 1 • Fifty-nine delegates attended the Convention of 1836. Some of the delegates had been loyal to Mexico before Santa Anna’s attack. After the brutal attack, all delegates at the Convention agreed that Texas should be free from Mexico. • Now the delegates faced the serious task of creating a government for Texas. Sam Houston and others believed that a strong government was the key to winning the revolution. The Texas Declaration of Independence Chapter 8, Section 1 On March 2, 1836, every delegate at the Convention voted to approve the Texas Declaration of Independence. The Texas Declaration of Independence had many similarities to the United States Declaration of Independence. Both documents • have an opening statement that describes how the people believe they should be ruled. • have a long middle section listing complaints against the mother country. • end with a section that declares independence. • were written during times of great turmoil. • led to Independence Days that people still celebrate each year. The Constitution Chapter 8, Section 1 The Texas Constitution was modeled after the U. S. Constitution. Similarities • • • • • Both separated power into three branches. Both had a president in charge of the executive branch. The legislative branch was bicameral, meaning it had two houses. Each judicial branch had several layers of courts. Both had a system of checks and balances, male suffrage, and a bill of rights. Differences • • • • The United States was a federal republic; Texas became a unitary republic. That means that Texas could not be divided into several smaller states. Texas elected its president by direct popular vote. The United States used the electoral college. Each Texas president served a three-year term. The U. S. presidents served four. Texas would not allow any member of the clergy to hold office. The Ad Interim Government Chapter 8, Section 1 • The Convention of 1836 closed on March 17. Because of the advance of the Mexican army, delegates only had time to set up an ad interim government. An ad interim government lasts for only a short time. • The new Texas government had to move to safety several times until it finally settled in Columbia. • • • • • First Officials of the Republic of Texas David G. Burnet - President Lorenzo de Zavala - Vice President Bailey Hardeman - Secretary of the Treasury and Secretary of State Thomas Rusk - Secretary of War Sam Houston - leader of the army Declaration of Independence and the Convention of 1836 - Assessment Chapter 8, Section 1 How did the Texas Constitution reveal Texans’ fears of the power of the Catholic Church? (A) No member of the clergy could vote. (B) The government would regulate churches. (C) The government required churches to pay taxes. (D) No member of the clergy could hold public office. Which statement about a unitary republic is true? (A) All government officials must be from the same party. (B) One state cannot be carved into several smaller ones. (C) The president is selected by the Senate. (D) The legislative branch has only one house. Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here! Declaration of Independence and the Convention of 1836 - Assessment Chapter 8, Section 1 How did the Texas Constitution reveal Texans’ fears of the power of the Catholic Church? (A) No member of the clergy could vote. (B) The government would regulate churches. (C) The government required churches to pay taxes. (D) No member of the clergy could hold public office. Which statement about a unitary republic is true? (A) All government officials must be from the same party. (B) One state cannot be carved into several smaller ones. (C) The president is selected by the Senate. (D) The legislative branch has only one house. Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here! Sam Houston and Santa Anna Chapter 8, Section 2 • What made Sam Houston a good choice to lead the Texas army during the Revolution? • What qualities did Santa Anna display as he led the campaign to crush the Texas Revolution? The Role of Sam Houston Chapter 8, Section 2 • Sam Houston was Andrew Jackson’s protégé in the War of 1812. • After the war, he became adjutant general of the Tennessee State Militia. • Before moving to Texas, Houston studied law and was active in politics. • In 1835, he became major general of the Texas army. • Houston played a major role in the Texas Revolution. He convinced the Convention to create a strong government for an independent Texas. • Protégé - someone who receives support and guidance from another person • Adjutant - a staff officer who assists the commanding officer The Role of Santa Anna Chapter 8, Section 2 • Antonio López de Santa Anna joined the Mexican army in 1821 and quickly rose through the ranks. • He later became the governor of Vera Cruz. • Santa Anna led the army that defeated the Spanish who tried to regain control of Mexico in 1829. He became a Mexican hero. • In 1833, he became president of Mexico. He soon set himself up as a dictator. • Santa Anna’s leadership played a key role in the outcome of the Texas Revolution. He was a cruel and fearless fighter. He valued personal gain over loyalty. His actions at the Alamo gave Texans new reasons to fight. Dictator - a ruler with total power Sam Houston and Santa Anna - Assessment Chapter 8, Section 2 How were the early lives of Sam Houston and Santa Anna similar? (A) Neither had much formal education. (B) Both spent part of their youth living among Indians. (C) Both proved themselves in combat at a young age. (D) All of the above How is a dictator likely to rule? (A) He divides ruling power among carefully chosen advisors. (B) He makes all the decisions. (C) He encourages his subjects to vote on issues. (D) None of the above Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here! Sam Houston and Santa Anna - Assessment Chapter 8, Section 2 How were the early lives of Sam Houston and Santa Anna similar? (A) Neither had much formal education. (B) Both spent part of their youth living among Indians. (C) Both proved themselves in combat at a young age. (D) All of the above How is a dictator likely to rule? (A) He divides ruling power among carefully chosen advisors. (B) He makes all the decisions. (C) He encourages his subjects to vote on issues. (D) None of the above Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here! Victory at San Jacinto Chapter 8, Section 3 • What advantages did Sam Houston have over Santa Anna before the Battle of San Jacinto? • How did Sam Houston prepare his attack on the day of battle? • Why was the Mexican army unable to repel the Texans’ attack? • Why was the Texans’ victory at San Jacinto important? Before the Battle Chapter 8, Section 3 • Santa Anna arrived at San Felipe. He assumed Houston was out of the fight and that the revolution had ended. • Based on that assumption, he took 1,000 Mexican troops to capture the new Texas government. • Houston’s men learned about Santa Anna’s battle plans from a Mexican courier, or messenger. • The Texas army took up positions on the San Jacinto River. • When he failed to capture the government, Santa Anna headed back to the San Jacinto River. • The two groups had a skirmish (a brief fight between two small groups of soldiers). Preparing for the Battle Chapter 8, Section 3 • • • • The Day of the Battle Vince’s Bridge - Houston ordered it destroyed. Neither side could receive help from the outside, or retreat. War council - a meeting of army leaders to plan a course of action for a battle. Houston’s council met at noon and planned the attack for 3:30 in the afternoon. Ridge line - Santa Anna had chosen a spot behind the ridge line. This meant he could not see Houston preparing for battle. He assumed, incorrectly, that the attack would occur at dawn. Siesta - Santa Anna told his troops they could take a siesta, a rest taken after the noon meal. The Attack Chapter 8, Section 3 • The Mexicans were not aware of the Texans’ approach until they were within rifle range. • The Texans loaded their cannons with horseshoes, musket balls, and broken glass. • Texans shouted “Remember the Alamo!” and “Remember Goliad!” • Santa Anna’s men were not prepared for hand-to-hand combat. • The Mexicans were quickly defeated. Many surrendered, and the rest tried to run away. • The Texans showed little mercy to Santa Anna’s men. • The Mexicans surrendered. • Santa Anna and General Cós fled. The Aftermath Chapter 8, Section 3 • The Battle of San Jacinto was the key battle of the Texas Revolution. It lasted only 18 minutes. The Mexicans lost their entire army, but the Texans lost fewer than ten men. • After the battle, Texans captured Santa Anna. They forced him to order the remaining Mexican troops out of Texas. • Santa Anna became a prisoner of war, while Sam Houston emerged as a great Texas hero. Victory at San Jacinto - Assessment Chapter 8, Section 3 Why did Houston order the destruction of Vince’s Bridge? (A) He wanted to prevent more Mexican troops from arriving. (B) He wanted to force the Mexicans into the river. (C) He wanted to prevent the Mexicans from receiving supplies. (D) He wanted to attack the Mexicans on the banks of the river. What is the job of a war council? (A) To ensure that prisoners of war are treated fairly (B) To plan a course of action for battle (C) To determine the terms of surrender (D) To develop treaties that are fair to both sides Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here! Victory at San Jacinto - Assessment Chapter 8, Section 3 Why did Houston order the destruction of Vince’s Bridge? (A) He wanted to prevent more Mexican troops from arriving. (B) He wanted to force the Mexicans into the river. (C) He wanted to prevent the Mexicans from receiving supplies. (D) He wanted to attack the Mexicans on the banks of the river. What is the job of a war council? (A) To ensure that prisoners of war are treated fairly (B) To plan a course of action for battle (C) To determine the terms of surrender (D) To develop treaties that are fair to both sides Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here! Securing Independence Chapter 8, Section 4 • How did Americans help Texas during the revolution? • Why was President Andrew Jackson unable to add Texas to the United States? • What did Santa Anna agree to do in the secret Treaty of Velasco? America’s Feelings About Texas Chapter 8, Section 4 Most Americans supported the Texans in their fight against Mexico: • People in the South and West supported Texas the most. • Many northerners opposed adding Texas to the Union because it was a slave state. The American government advised Texas not to split from Mexico. • President Jackson felt that adding Texas to the Union was a key part of manifest destiny. That is, the belief that expansion of the United States was meant to happen. • Jackson wanted the United States to expand to the Pacific Ocean. • Even after Texas won its freedom, Jackson could not bring Texas into the Union. But the United States was the first nation to recognize Texas as a free republic. Support Comes From America Chapter 8, Section 4 Stephen F. Austin, William Wharton, and Branch Archer traveled across the United States seeking support for Texas. This aid played a key role in the success of the Texas Revolution. • The United States pledged $100,000 in institutional loans - money lent by a bank or a business. • Private citizens gave $25,000 to the war effort. • Merchants from New Orleans sold supplies to Texas on credit. • Children in Cincinnati, Ohio, donated money to buy cannons for Houston’s army. These cannons were called the “Twin Sisters.” • Alabama sent hundreds of muskets. • More than 2,000 men from Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee fought for Texas. The Treaties of Velasco Chapter 8, Section 4 Burnet and Santa Anna negotiated a peace settlement. To negotiate means to work out an agreement through compromise. They signed two Treaties of Velasco—a public one and a secret one. • • • • The Public Treaty Santa Anna agreed to end the war and never attack Texas again. The Mexican army was to withdraw south of the Rio Grande. Both sides agreed to release prisoners of war. Burnet agreed to release Santa Anna. • • • The Secret Treaty Santa Anna vowed Mexico would never invade Texas. Mexico would recognize Texas as a free nation. The Rio Grande would become the border between the Republic of Texas and Mexico. The Treaties of Velasco Chapter 8, Section 4 • Many Texans were angry when they realized Santa Anna would be set free. Burnet could not ensure Santa Anna’s safety. He had to renege (back out of an agreement) on his side of the bargain. • Mexico refused to accept the Treaties of Velasco because Santa Anna had signed them while he was a prisoner. • Mexico and the Republic of Texas never agreed on a border. Mexico never recognized Texas as an independent nation. Securing Independence - Assessment Chapter 8, Section 4 What is manifest destiny? (A) The belief that countries are meant to go to war (B) The belief that a country’s destiny is determined by its leader (C) The belief that a country’s expansion is meant to happen (D) The belief that large countries must be broken into smaller ones In an institutional loan, who lends the money? (A) A bank or a business (B) A hospital (C) A public facility (D) A group of citizens Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here! Securing Independence - Assessment Chapter 8, Section 4 What is manifest destiny? (A) The belief that countries are meant to go to war (B) The belief that a country’s destiny is determined by its leader (C) The belief that a country’s expansion is meant to happen (D) The belief that large countries must be broken into smaller ones In an institutional loan, who lends the money? (A) A bank or a business (B) A hospital (C) A public facility (D) A group of citizens Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!