ALWD Citation Manual

The Third Edition

Philosophy  Not change for the sake of change  Goal to refine and clarify the rules  Goal to respond to users’ inquires

Returning Features  Fast formats 

Sidebars

 Diagramed examples 

More examples

 Detailed index 

Local court rules

 Two-color design 

Web site for updates

Notable Additions  Capitalization of prepositions and titles in French, German, and Spanish.

 Guidance on citing to both a page number and a footnote or endnote number.  Expanded coverage of basic international, foreign, and intergovernmental sources.

 Updated examples.

 Many clarifications and explanations.

Rule 1: Typeface  Additions added to rule 1.1 and in Sidebar 23.2 about how to use large and small capital letters as a typeface, when submitting material to law reviews or book publishers that require that type face.

Rule 2: Abbreviations  Rule 2.3 permits the abbreviation U.S. in textual sentences, in addition to the abbreviations &, Assn., Bros., Co., Corp., Inc., Ltd., and No.

Rule 3: Capitalization  New Sidebar 3.1 provides a list of prepositions commonly used in titles.

 New Rule 3.4 address capitalization rules for titles in French, German, and Spanish.

Rule 6: Sections & Paragraphs  Provides guidance when citing both a page number and a section and/or paragraph number.

Rule 7 – When the Pinpoint Includes a Footnote/Endnote  Provides guidance on how to cite to both the page number and footnote or endnote numbers.

 Contains a new rule regarding how to cite to footnotes/endnotes when using

Id.



Harold J. Berman, The Historical Foundations of Law, 54 Emory L.J. 13, 16 nn. 2 –5 (2005).



Id. at 16 n. 4.

Rule 8: Supplements  Provides guidance on how to cite to material that appears in multiple supplements.

 For example:  Citing multiple supplements, different years:

17 U.S.C. § 512 (Supps. IV 1999 & V 2000).

 Citing multiple supplements, same year:

17 U.S.C. § 512(d)(1)–(3) (Supps. IV & V 1994).

Rule 11: Short Citations  Clarification of the use of the term “at” in short citations.

 Use “at” before the pinpoint page, section, paragraph, or other division.



Id.

at 564.



Id.

at § 1.55.



Id.

at ¶ 8.



Id.

at tbl. 2.5.

Rule 12 – Cases  Provides guidance for citing bankruptcy cases.

 New subsections added to Rule 12.2:  Rule 12.2(r): how to cite to a case or group of cases that has become well known by a popular name.

 Rule 12.2(s): how to cite cases with multiple decisions  Rule 12.4 has been rewritten to provide further clarification.

Rule 14: Statutes   In order to reflect common practice by practicing attorneys, if the citation of a statute includes the statute title, the title should appear in ordinary type.

Sidebar 14.2 now indicates that the abbreviation U.S.C. may be used when referring to a statute in a textual sentence.

Rule 19: Federal Regulations and Patents  Rule 19.1(d) provides guidance on how to cite to C.F.R. sections that appear in electronic databases.  New rule – 19.13 – shows how to cite to patents.

Rule 21: International Sources  Expanded rule that includes fundamental information about citing to basic international, foreign, and intergovernmental sources.

Rule 22: Books  Subsections added to show the following:  Rule 22.1(i)(4): how to cite to more than one publisher.

 Rule 22.1(n): how to cite to the Koran and the Talmud.

 Rule 22.1(o): how to cite to books in a foreign language.

Rules 23: Periodicals   Provides further guidance about the placement of the comma when the article title ends with quotation marks.

  After the complete title, typically insert a comma and one space, and the comma is not italicized.

For example: •

Neil Gotanda,

A Critique of “Our Constitution Is Color-

Blind” , 44 Stan. L. Rev. 1 (1991).

New sections have been added to show the following:  Rule 23.1(j): how to cite to a letter to the editor.

  Rule 23.1(k): how to cite to a cartoon or comic strip.

Rule 23.1(l): how to cite to an advertisement.

Rule 37: Working Papers  Rule 37.3 has been added to show how to cite working papers, including material that appears on SSRN.

Rule 40: Blogs  Rule 40.3 has been added to show how to cite to weblogs.

Rule 44: Explanatory Parentheticals  Clarification added to Rules 44.4 and 46.1 to explain that explanatory parentheticals should be used to assist the reader, not to be included any time that a signal is used.

Rule 45: Order of Authorities  Foreign, international, and intergovernmental organization sources have been added to the specific order of authorities in Rule 45.4.

 Rule 45.4(c)(9) clarifies where electronic sources should be inserted.

Rule 48: Footnotes within a Block Quote  Rule 48.3 has been added to explain how to add a note reference number within a block quote, by enclosing the superscripted number in brackets.

Appendices  All appendices are included in the third edition, instead of some of the appendices being located in the book and others on the Web site.

 Added country and regional abbreviations to Appendix 3.

Sample Law School Adoptions                  American University Arizona State Boston University BYU Case Western Chicago-Kent Emory Florida International Fordham New York Law School Northwestern University Rutgers (Camden & Newark) St. Louis University Temple University University of Arizona University of California – Hastings University of Colorado                  University of Dayton University of Florida University of Idaho University of Las Vegas, Nevada University of Louisville University of Maine University of Michigan University of Missouri (Columbia & KC) University of Oregon University of South Dakota University of Texas University of Utah University of Wyoming Vanderbilt Villanova Wake Forest Wayne State

Questions/Discussion