Unit-4 1401

AERODROME DATA, PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND OBSTACLE RESTRICTION 1

Syllabus

1. Aerodrome data - Basic terminology – Aerodrome reference code – Aerodrome reference point – Aerodrome elevation – Aerodrome reference temperature 2.

Instrument runway, physical Characteristics; length of primary / secondary runway – Width of runways – Minimum distance between parallel runways etc. – obstacles restriction. 2

Key Topics

1. Design of an Aerodrome 2. Classification of Aerodromes in India 3. Types of Runway 4. Design of Length of Runway 3

O Hare Airport

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Types of Aerodromes in India

• International Aerodrome-13 • Domestic aerodrome-68 domestic terminals • Military Aerodrome-Pathankot • Custom Aerodrome-Madurai 5

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Chennai Aerodrome parameter • Location Trisoolam;MSL=16m • Bearing=12*59’N 80*E • Runway 1. 07/25; 3.658m Asphalt • Runway 2.12/30; 2.05m Asphalt/Concrete 7

Chennai Terminal

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9

Aerodrome Data

Aerodrome Ref Point, Aerodrome Chart 10

Chennai Airport

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Aerodrome Data

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Contain Aerodrome Chart Aerodrome location giving-name, lat and long, airport elevation physical location, distance & bearings-34 ft AMSL; 12*59’37” N, 01*08’37”E Aerdrome Administration-name, number, fax of the operator -AAI Movement Areas like Runways, Taxiways, Aprons Visual Aids-marking and lighting system for airports,Visual Approach Slope Indicator and Navigational Aids Ground Services like Fuel, communication from Ground to Pilot 12

Typical Example

1. Name of Aerodrome-Chennai or Delhi etc & National Airport or International as NAT/INT 2. Runway Number from 01 to 36 & No. of Runways as 1 or 2 and their designation and length as 07/25; 3.658mile

3. Elevation of Runway 4. Type of Traffic ( IFR/VFR) 5. Location of Wind Sox (illuminated and non illuminated) 6. Location of Aerodrome Ref point, Control Tower, Terminal Building, Fire Station, Nav. 13

AERODROME CHART

1. Layout of runways, taxiways and apron(s); b) type of the runway surfaces; c) designations and length of runways; RWY NR-18; 2286M d) designations of the taxiways e) location of illuminated and non- illuminated wind direction indicators; 2. Location of the aerodrome reference point 3. Location of terminal buildings 4. Location of control tower 5. Location of fire station 6. Location of navigation aids 7. Location of isolation bay 8. Location of helipads 14

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Aerodrome-runway and Taxiaway 16

Runway Details

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Designation: RWY NR-18 Bearing:184*20’ GEO and 184*15’ Runway Size :2286 x 45 m Width :< 30m, usually 45m, based on the wingspace of aircraft Separation between Parallel Runway <1300m Slope of Runway < 5% Permissible Cross Wind = 20 Knots Runway Surface : Loss Free and Friction Free Material concrete : Partly Asphalt and partly 17

ARP-Aerodrome Ref Point

•

ARP

defined as geometrical centre of runway, and height decided by the AAI & Point ARP-the magnetic variation given to the nearest degree from magnetic north of the runway Indicated as ARP lat and ARP long 18

Chennai ARP

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• Elevation • Latitude • Longitude • Land Area 1

t t i

2 5 9 3

u d

7 N

L

0

e o

8

n

0

i t g

1 0 3

u

7 E

d

010837E

L

1

a

4

n

1400 Acres

A

0 0 A

r e a

r c e s

E

3

t i l e v a o n

t .

f 4 A M S L 20

RUNWAY

TORA & TODA,Characterestics, types and secondary runway – Width of runways – Minimum distance between parallel runways etc. – obstacles restriction 21

TORA & TODA

• Take off Run-TORA =Length of runway declared available and distance traversed on ground run of an airplane taking off = 1.15 x Midpoint length of runway) • Take off Distance-TODA-length of the takeoff run available plus the length of Clear way; TODA=TORA + Clearway or 1.5 Tora 22

TAKE OFF DISTANCE-TODA

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TAKE OFF RUN AVAILABLE-TORA 24

Runway Length

• Depends on the type of aircraft and speed of landing( Airbus require 3.5Km) • 1800m for weights< 90,000Kg for smaller aircrafts • ,2400m For Widebodies aircrafts • 4000m for International flights 25

Runway Visual Range-RVR

• Is an instrumentally derived value that representing the horizontal distance a pilot can see down the runway, determined by visibility sensors • RVR measured in increments of 100 feet up to 1,000 feet, increments of 200 feet from 1,000 feet to 3,000 feet, and increments of 500 feet above 3,000 feet to 6,000 feet.

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RVR to Pilot

27

RVR

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Types

1. Single Runway-Simplest Runway used when winds blow on the Runway and suitable when peak HR traffic is <50 operations; Both ends can be used when the winds are light for landing and departure.

2. Parallel Runway-when winds blow on the runway and peak hr.traffic >50 operations and landing and departure on two runways 3. Intersecting Runway-when wind blow in one direction is > the other, intersecting runway being used.

4. Open V & Closed V runway 29

Typical Runways

30

Single and Parallel Runways

Single Runway Layout Equal Dep & ARR

Terminal Building

Parallel Runway

L/TO L/TO 31

Open V Runway & Intersecting Runway 32

VFR,IFR Runway ( Precision and Non precision) 1. Visual Runway 2. Instrument Runway a.Precision Runway-marked at edge with white painting-guidance both for vertical and horizontal b.Non Precision Instrument ( no vertical guidance, only horizontal guidance) 33

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Instrument Runway 35

Instrument runway-Features

1. Marking and lighting systems for runways; 2. b) approach lighting system; 3. c) visual approach slope indicator system; 4. d) aerodrome beacon; 5. e) marking and lighting systems for taxiways; and 6. f) any other marking and lighting systems.

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Parallel Runway-9R-9L

N 270 0 180 90

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Parallel Runway

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Landing

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Parallel Runways

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Components of a Traffic Pattern Single Runway 41

Designated positions in Parallel runway

4

42

Designated positions in the runway • • • • • •

Position 1.

Aircraft initiates call to taxi for departing flight. Runway from Apron

Position 2. D

eparting aircraft held at position 2. Engine run-up be performed here.

Position 3.

Take-off clearance issued

Position 4.

Clearance to land is issued

Position 5.

Clearance to taxi to apron

Position 6.

Parking information issued 43

Actual Traffic Pattern in Parallel Runways 44

Parallel Runways <4300’

• Parallel Runways <4300’, Aircraft still required to be 2.5 NM apart on the same localizer, • but close as 1.5 NM apart diagonally between the localizers 45

Parallel Runways <4300’

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Minimum distance between parallel runways

• Safe if the runway spacing is greater than 1270m Unsafe if the spacing is lower than 930 m.

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Parallel Runway Approaches (4) 1. Close Parallel 2. Independent parallel approaches 3. Independent Close Parallel 4. Independent Close Parallel with Cross Wind Close parallel.

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Parallel Runway Approaches (4) 49

Width of runways

• Runway Width =45 Meters based on Airworthiness requirements for AB 380 50

Typical Runway

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Specification of Taxiway

• Width • Surface • Strength 52

Information to Pilot for Take off

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Information • Runway Number • Wind Direction and Speed • QNH altimeter setting • the air temperature for the runway to be used, in the case of turbine-engine aircraft; • RVR Values of the Runway • Correct Time 54

Information to be provided for the Aircraft when on Approach • Runway Number • Surface Wind Direction and Speed • QNH altimeter setting 55

Obstacle Restriction

• Runway designation:APCH-18 & TKOF-36 • Obstacle type Trees and their bearing for different types of trees from 17m to 21 and their coordinates: • Mobile Tower and their bearing • Pole and its bearing 56

Runway Markings

57

Runway Factors 1. Airport elevation above MSL 2. Mean maximum temperature 3. Wind velocity 4. Aircraft operating weights 5. Takeoff and landing flap settings 6. Effective runway gradient 7. Runway surface conditions (dry, wet, contaminated, etc.) 8. Presence of obstructions within the vicinity of the approach and departure path, and 58

Runway Markings

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Instrument Runway markings

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Runway Markings

1.Threshold Marking: 30 m x 1.8m

white stripes Centre line Marking 4.LandingAiming Point Marking 30 x 4 m W stripe 150m 3. Touch down Zone marking 300m 50-75m X 0.9 m Figure not to scale

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Runway Markings

1. Threshold

runway : marked by a line of green lights-Four stripes on either side of the centerline at the end of the

2. Magnetic Runway Heading-29-

one-tenth of Magnetic North number, to the nearest

3. Touch Down Zone Markers

foot increments :Meant to help define the touchdown zone, they show distance information in 500

4. Landing aiming point

feet from the threshold a visual cue, it is generally 1,000

5. Distance to go Markers:

number denotes the distance remaining, in thousands of feet.

6. Runway Designator Sign:the

9 is to your left and the departure end of runway 27 is to your right. departure end of runway 62

Typical Runway

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Meaning of Signals in the event of Communication Failure • • • •

Flashing Green

-Permission to move to Taxi area

Steady Red-Stop Flashing Red-Move

to taxi area off the Landing Area

Flashing White-Vacate

manoeuvring area in accordance with local instructions 65

Minimum Safe/Sector Altitude-MSA • MSA published for emergency use on IAP charts. • For conventional navigation systems, the MSA is normally based on the primary omnidirectional facility • NAVAID used to determine the MSA altitudes.

• For RNAV approaches, MSA is based on the runway waypoint (RWY WP) for straight-in approaches, or the airport waypoint (APT WP) for circling approaches. • For GPS approaches, the MSA center will be the missed approach waypoint (MAWP). • MSAsexpressed in feet above mean sea level and normally have a 25 NM radius; 66

ORDER OF PRIORITY FOR ARRIVING AND DEPARTING AIRCRAFT

• Landing ( Final stage of Approach) has Priority against Take off • An aircraft landing or in the final stages of an approach to land have priority over an aircraft intending to depart from the same or an intersecting runway 67

Airport Design

68

Airport Design Areas

1. Evaluation of landing surface, instrument runway and aids.

2. Runway Safety Area program 3. Airport Lighting 4. Terminal Facilities 5. Beacons 6. Papi/Vasi 7. Windcone 69

Design factors

1. Airport Traffic is a volatile traffic-Assumption 2. Airport Master Plan & master plan study for airport layout, feasibility plan 3. Specific Devlopment Plan for immediate Future 4. Construction Plan for Runway, Taxiway, Gates and modification of existing terminal 5. Details of the project plan for architectural and engineering designs 6. Assessment of the plan in every phase 7. Determining the cost and financial planning 70

Factors for Improving an Existing Airport 1. Airport building should have architectural qualitty and Operational Success.

2.

should have to designed on the bassis of Structural and Passenger loads/year 3. As a Rule of Thumb, Twice the size of a building should be considered based on annual traffic load including luggage.

4. AirpConcept of Passenger Building as a Terminal as passengers use airports as a transfer hub.

5. Connecting the passenger facilities to the Apron and Aircraft either by a Underground train or Overhead train like in London (Gatwick) or in Atlanta (Heartfield) 6. Renovating the terminal in the shape of X as in Hongkong 7. Introducing Gate Arrival Concept for commuter traffic 8. Means to minimise luggage transfer and passenger using airport as a transit 9. Minimise the distance to passenger for transit movement 10. Multistorey Car Park 71

Various Airports in World 72

Doha Airport-Architectural design 73

Islamabad Airport( Gate concept) 74

Passenger Flexibility

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