Transcript Lessons 43-48 - byuhebrew.com

Hiphil: Meaning and Form
Hiphil Meaning
Causative
The Hiphil expresses causative action in which the subject causes the action to occur.
Consider the differences between the Qal and Hiphil in the following examples:
Active (Qal)
he heard
he brought the book
the man killed the goat
she broke the jar
Causative (Hiphil)
he caused to hear (or) he announced (or) he proclaimed
he caused the book to be brought
the man caused the goat to be killed
she caused the jar to break
The literal translation of the Hiphil may require adjustment to create idiomatic English
phrases. Consider the following examples of literal Hiphil translations, along with
possible idiomatic adjustments.
Hiphil Literal Translation
he caused the people to see
he caused his heart to be hardened
he caused them to come out
Hiphil Idiomatic Translation
he showed the people
he hardened his heart
he brought them out
Hiphil Meaning
Permissive
The permissive meaning is similar to the causative but takes on the added meaning of giving
permission. Context is the best way to determine whether to use the causative or permissive
meaning.
Active (Qal)
she saw him
he brought the book
the man killed the goat
Permissive (Hiphil)
she allowed him to see
he allowed the book to be brought
the man allowed the goat to be killed
Stative
Verbs that are stative in Qal will also be stative in Hiphil. Stative verbs in Hiphil are infrequent.
Stative (Qal)
he is ashamed
he will be dry
the man is great
Stative (Hiphil)
he will make ashamed
he will dry up
the man will make great (or exalt)
Denominative
The Hiphil can be used to create verbs from noun roots.
Noun
ear
fat
rain
Denominative (Hiphil)
give ear; listen
to grow fat
to cause to rain
Hiphil Perfect
PNG
3ms
Qal
‫כָּ תַ ב‬
‫כָּ ְתבָּ ה‬
ָּ‫כָּ תַ בְ ָּת‬
ְָּ‫כָּ תַ בְ ת‬
‫כָּ תַ בְ ִתי‬
‫כָּ ְתבּו‬
‫כְ תַ בְ תֶּ ם‬
Hiphil
The diagnostic features of the Hiphil
perfect are:
‫ ִהכְ ִתיב‬he caused to write
3fs
she wrote
‫ ִהכְ ִתיבָּ ה‬she caused to write • He prefix.
2ms
you wrote
ָָּּ ְ‫ ִהכְ ַתב‬you caused to write • Hireq frequently beneath the he
‫ת‬
2fs
you wrote
ְָּ‫ ִהכְ ַתבְ ת‬you caused to write prefix.
1cs
I wrote
‫ ִהכְ תַ בְ ִתי‬I caused to write
• Hireq-yod vowel frequently beneath
second root consonant in the third
3cp
they wrote
‫ ִהכְ ִתיבּו‬they caused to write the
person.
2mp
ָּ‫ ִהכְ ַתבְ ֶּת‬you caused to write • Patakh vowel frequently beneath the
you wrote
second root consonant in the first and
‫ם‬
second person.
2fp
‫ כְ תַ בְ תֶּ ן‬you wrote ‫ ִהכְ תַ בְ תֶּ ן‬you caused to write
1cp
‫ כָּ תַ בְ נּו‬we wrote
‫ ִהכְ ַתבְ נּו‬we caused to write
The Niphal infinitive construct (‫ ) ִהקָּ טֵ ל‬and imperative forms also have a he prefix. The vowel pattern is
he wrote
the best way to distinguish between the Hiphil perfect and the similar Niphal forms.
Hiphil Imperfect
PNG
3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs
1cs
3mp
3fp
2mp
2fp
1cp
Qal
‫יִכְ תָּב‬
‫ִתכְ תָּב‬
‫ִתכְ תָּב‬
‫ִתכְ ְתבִ י‬
‫אֶּ כְ תָּב‬
‫יִכְ ְתבּו‬
‫ִתכְ תָּבְ נָּה‬
‫ִתכְ ְתבּו‬
‫ִתכְ תָּבְ נָּה‬
‫נִכְ תָּב‬
Hiphil
he will write
she will write
you will write
you will write
I will write
they will write
they will write
you will write
you will write
we will write
‫יַכְ ִתיב‬
‫תַ כְ ִתיב‬
‫תַ כְ ִתיב‬
‫תַ כְ ִתיבִ י‬
‫ַאכְ ִתיב‬
‫יַכְ ִתיבּו‬
‫תַ כְ תֵ בְ נָּה‬
‫תַ כְ ִתיבּו‬
‫תַ כְ תֵ בְ נָּה‬
‫נַכְ ִתיב‬
he will cause to write
she will cause to write
you will cause to write
you will cause to write
I will cause to write
they will cause to write
they will cause to write
The diagnostic features of the Hiphil
imperfect are:
• Patakh vowel usually beneath the
prefix.
• Hireq-yod vowel usually beneath
the second root consonant, except in
the 2fs and 3fs, which usually have a
tsere.
you will cause to write
you will cause to write
we will cause to write
The Hiphil imperfect might be confused with the I-guttural Qal. In the I-guttural Qal, the prefix vowel
lengthens to a patakh. To distinguish between the two forms, consider the vowel of the second root
consonant. In the Qal the vowel is a holem, while in the Hiphil the vowel is a tsere-yod or patakh.
Hiphil Imperative, Infinitive Construct and
Infinitive Absolute
PNG
Imper.
2ms
2fs
2mp
2fp
Inf. Construct
Inf. Absolute
Qal
‫כְ תָּב‬
‫כִ ְתבִ י‬
‫כִ ְתבּו‬
‫כְ תָּבְ נָּה‬
‫כְ תָּב‬
‫כָּ תוֹב‬
Hiphil
(you) write!
(you) write!
(you) write!
(you) write!
writing
to write
‫הַ כְ תֵ ב‬
‫הַ כְ ִתיבִ י‬
‫הַ כְ ִתיבּו‬
‫הַ כְ תֵ בְ נָּה‬
‫הַ כְ ִתיב‬
‫הַ כְ תֵ ב‬
(you) cause to write!
The diagnostic features of the
Hiphil infinitive absolute are:
(you) cause to write!
(you) cause to write!
(you) cause to write!
causing to write
to cause to write
• He prefix.
• Patakh vowel generally
beneath the he prefix.
• Tsere vowel generally
beneath the second root
consonant.
The diagnostic features of the Hiphil
imperative are:
The diagnostic features of the Hiphil infinitive
construct are:
• He prefix.
• Patakh generally beneath the he prefix.
• Hireq-yod vowel generally beneath the
second root consonant in the 2fs and 2mp.
• Patakh vowel generally beneath the second
root consonant in the 2ms and 2fp.
• He prefix.
• Patakh vowel generally beneath the he prefix.
• Hireq-yod vowel generally beneath the second root
consonant.
Hiphil Participle
PNG
Active
Participle
ms
fs
mp
fp
Qal
‫כֹתֵ ב‬
‫כֹתֶּ בֶּ ת‬
‫כ ְֹתבִ ים‬
‫כ ְֹתבוֹת‬
Hiphil
writing
writing
writing
writing
‫מַ כְ ִתיב‬
‫מַ כְ תֶּ בֶּ ת‬
‫מַ כְ ִתיבִ ים‬
‫מַ כְ ִתיבוֹת‬
causing to write
causing to write
causing to write
causing to write
To summarize, the diagnostic features of the Hiphil participle are:
• Mem prefix.
• Patakh vowel usually beneath the mem prefix.
• Hireq-yod vowel usually beneath the second root consonant, except in the feminine singular, which
usually has a tsere.
Hiphil I-Nun and I-Guttural
I-Nun
In the I-nun, all of the strong Hiphil diagnostic features are preserved in each conjugation.
In the I-nun, the first root consonant nun assimilates into the second root consonant and manifests itself
as a dagesh.
I-Guttural
In the I-guttural, all of the strong Hiphil diagnostic features are preserved, except in the perfect.
In the I-guttural perfect, the vowel beneath the he prefix is a segol.
Because the first root consonant is a guttural, it takes a partial shewa instead of a full shewa in all
conjugations. In the perfect, the partial shewa is a khatef-segol, and in the other conjugations the partial
shewa is a khatef-patakh.
Hiphil III-Guttural & III-Aleph
Generally, all of the diagnostic characteristics for the Hiphil remain in III-guttural and III-aleph.
III-Guttural
The vowel of the second root consonant changes to a patakh in the III-guttural 2fp and 3fp imperfect
conjugations. The same change occurs in the III-guttural 2ms and 2fp imperative.
III-Aleph
The vowel of the second root consonant changes to a tsere in the III-aleph first and second person perfect
conjugations.
The vowel of the second root consonant changes to a segol in the III-aleph 2fp and 3fp imperfect
conjugations. The same change occurs in the III-aleph 2fp imperative.
Hiphil Verbs: I-Yod and I-Yod with III-Guttural or III-Aleph
I-Yod
The first root consonant yod is replaced with a vav-holem in all conjugations.
III-Aleph (as shown in the previous slide)
The vowel of the second root consonant changes to a tsere in the III-aleph first and second person perfect
conjugations.
The vowel of the second root consonant changes to a segol in the III-aleph 2fp and 3fp imperfect
conjugations. The same change occurs in the III-aleph 2fp imperative.
III-Guttural (as shown in the previous slide)
The vowel of the second root consonant changes to a patakh in the III-guttural 2fp and 3fp imperfect
conjugations. The same change occurs in the III-guttural 2ms and 2fp imperative.
Hiphil Verbs: III-He
III-He
In the Hiphil form, the same changes occur in the III-he that occurs in the other verb forms such as Qal
and Niphal.
The III-‫ ה‬drops off completely in all forms with a suffix.
The infinitive construct form of III-‫ ה‬verbs ends in ‫ֹות‬. Do not confuse this with feminine plural nouns,
participles, and adjectives that also end in ‫ֹות‬.
For the III-he with I-yod, the first root consonant yod is replaced with a vav-holem in all conjugations.
For the III-he with I-guttural in the perfect, the prefix vowel is a segol instead of a hireq.
For the III-he with I-guttural, the first root consonant guttural refuses to take a shewa and instead takes a
reduced form of the prefix vowel. For example, the 3ms perfect
khatef segol first root consonant vowel.
‫ ֶה ֱעשָׂה‬has a segol prefix vowel and a
For the III-he with I-nun, the first root consonant nun assimilates into the second root consonant,
manifesting itself as a dagesh in all conjugations.
Hiphil Verbs: III-He
III-He
In the Hiphil form, the same changes occur in the III-he that occurs in the other verb forms such as Qal
and Niphal.
The III-‫ ה‬drops off completely in all forms with a suffix.
The infinitive construct form of III-‫ ה‬verbs ends in ‫ֹות‬. Do not confuse this with feminine plural nouns,
participles, and adjectives that also end in ‫ֹות‬.
For the III-he with I-yod, the first root consonant yod is replaced with a vav-holem in all conjugations.
For the III-he with I-guttural in the perfect, the prefix vowel is a segol instead of a hireq.
For the III-he with I-guttural, the first root consonant guttural refuses to take a shewa and instead takes a
reduced form of the prefix vowel. For example, the 3ms perfect
khatef segol first root consonant vowel.
‫ ֶה ֱעשָׂה‬has a segol prefix vowel and a
For the III-he with I-nun, the first root consonant nun assimilates into the second root consonant,
manifesting itself as a dagesh in all conjugations.
Hiphil Verbs: Hollow, Hollow with III-Guttural, and
Hollow with III-Aleph
Hollow
Regardless of whether their second root consonant is yod or vav, Hiphil hollow verbs have a hireq-yod
vowel pattern.
The prefix vowel in the imperfect, imperative, and infinitive forms is a qamets instead of a patakh.
The prefix vowel for the participle conjugations varies between a shewa and a tsere instead of the standard
Hiphil patakh.
Hiphil Verbs: Geminates
Geminates
A dagesh appears in the second root consonant of all forms with a suffix. The dagesh represents the
missing third root consonant of the geminate verb.
Suffixes that begin with a consonant are preceded by a vav-holem. This is a distinct trait of geminate
verbs that will help with identification.
Often a patakh replaces a tsere or a tsere will replace a hireq beneath the first root consonant of a geminate
with II and III gutturals.