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2010 SOUTH ASIAN REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON SCIENCE ,TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION INDICATORS: TRENDS AND CHALLENGES (Kathmandu, Nepal, 06-09 December 2010) Country Presentation: Mongolia Ayush Purevjal (Senior officer) Ministry of Education, Culture and Science Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. Country profile Scientific system Collecting S&T statistics Main results of the collected S&T statistical data 5. Major problems in collecting S&T statistics 1. Country profile Map of Mongolia What we have… • Huge territory - 1.56 mln.sq.km (11 times bigger than Nefal, 2.8 times bigger than France) • Rich of natural resources - Copper, Molybdenum, Gold, Coal, Gas… • Animal husbandry (40.0 mln: Cow-2.6, Sheep-19.3, Goat-19.6, Horse-2.2, Camel-0.28) –NSO,2009 • Cashmere (Second largest exporter) • Educational level of people: (about 20% of Government budget dedicated to Education) - literacy rate 97.6% (NSO, 2009) - 113 universities, institutes and colleges What we do not have… • Few population – 2.73 mln., NSO, 2009 (11 times less than Nepal) • Extreme (severe continental) climate - +/-35 C • No sea access (Between two big Powers: Russia and China) • Small market • No experience in market economy (during 70 years isolated socialist system ) • Economy based on agriculture (animal husbandry) and row material export • GDP per capita -1669 USD ( NSO, 2009) 2. Scientific system Soviet model of R&D system (before 1990) Universities Institutes under the Academy of Sciences Research institutes under ministries Education Basic research Applied research and development S&T under central-command system Government Research Institutes under Ministries State-owned Industry Government-funded R&D R&D during the Transition (since 1990) During 1990-1997: ─ ─ ─ ─ Scientific expenditure decreased Number of researchers decreased 2.5 times Number of research organizations decreased from 91 to 32 Material investment for laboratory equipments was stopped After 1997: ─ Reorganization of universities and research institutes ─ Tendency to increase budget and number of researchers Organizational Structure of Mongolian Scientific sector (since 1990) Government NCST Other Ministries MECS MAS Scientific Research Institutes under MAS NSTF Scientific Research Institutes Scientific, technological and Production Corporations Universities 3. Collecting S&T statistics Legislative framework of S&T statistics Legislation acts: • Law on statistics (MP, 1997) • Law on S&T (MP, 1998) Main policy documents: State policy on S&T (MP, 1998) S&T Master plan (2007-2020) of Mongolia (MG, 2007) Programme for developing of national innovation system in Mongolia (MG, 2007) S&T data collection process UNESCO National statistical office (NSO) Official statistical data Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (MECS) Official and administrative statistical data Scientific research institutions Universities By data collection forms (questionnaires) Questionnaire UIS/ST Dissemination formats of results of S&T statistics Publication (annual): • “Mongolian statistical yearbook”, NSO (Mongolian/English) • “Statistical abstract of Education, Culture and Science sectors”, MECS statistical yearbook (Mongolian) Electronic (internet): Statistical data of Education, Culture and Science sectors by NSO (Mongolian/English) Website: http://www.nso.mn Statistical database of Education, Culture and Science sectors by MECS (Mongolian) Website: http://www.mecs.gov.mn Coverage of R&D statistics (by sector) Degree of coverage Sector Completely covered Business enterprise Government Partially covered Not covered X X Higher education X Private non-profit Category not applicable. It is included into Business enterprise. 4. Main results of the collected S&T statistical data Number of institutions covering R&D statistics (data of MECS) Number of institutions Sector Type of institutions 2005 2009 Business enterprise Private Scientific Research Institutions 47 50 Government Public Scientific Research Institutions 4 9 Higher education Universities 5 9 56 68 Total Scientific research institutions • Scientific research institutions (by forms): – Scientific research institutions of MAS – 22 – Scientific, technological and production corporations – 5 – Scientific research institutions of public universities – 14 – Scientific research institutions under Ministries – 9 – Private scientific research institutions – 9 • Scientific research institutions (by field of science): – Engineering and technology– 12 – Natural sciences– 20 – Agricultural sciences – 7 – Medical and health sciences – 5 – Social sciences and Humanities – 15 Source: MECS, 2009 Total full-time R&D personal by occupation (Headcount data for statistics of MECS) Occupation Year Total fulltime R&D personal 2009 2483 1748 137 598 2008 2420 1723 125 572 2007 2379 1740 120 519 2006 2316 1707 114 495 2005 2283 1731 81 471 Researchers Engineering Other (including and technical supporting Administrative staff staff staff) Total full-time R&D personal by sex (Headcount data for statistics of MECS) Total full-time R&D personal Year TOTAL % of Female female in total of which: Researchers (including Administrative staff) % of TOTAL Female female in total 2009 2483 1262 50.83 1748 841 48.11 2008 2420 1220 50.41 1723 816 47.36 2007 2379 1189 49.98 1740 837 48.10 2006 2316 1163 50.22 1707 822 48.15 2005 2283 1118 48.97 1731 819 47.31 Total full-time R&D personal by sector of employment (Headcount data for statistics of MECS, 2009) Researchers (including Administrative staff) Total full-time R&D personal % of total 2483 100.0 1748 100.0 Business enterprise 171 6.89 95 5.43 Government 2153 86.71 1538 87.99 Higher education 159 6.40 115 6.58 Sector TOTAL % of total Researchers by formal qualification and sector of employment (Headcount data for statistics of MECS, 2009) Sector Qualification Total researchers TOTAL % of qualification Higher in Total education researchers Business enterprise Government 1748 95 1538 115 100.00 I.ISCED 6 531 18 457 56 30.40 II.ISCED 5A 1217 77 1081 59 69.60 III.ISCED 5B - - - - - IV. All other qualifications - - - - - Researchers by field of science and sector of employment (Headcount data for statistics of MECS, 2009) Business enterprise Government Higher education % of field of science in Total researchers 1748 95 1538 115 100.00 I. Natural sciences 698 40 619 39 39.93 II. Engineering and technology 201 26 126 49 11.50 III. Medical and health sciences 196 18 174 4 11.21 IV. Agricultural sciences 301 11 274 16 17.22 V. Social sciences and humanities 352 0 345 7 20.14 Field of science Total researchers TOTAL Sector Researchers by age structure (Headcount data for statistics of MECS) Total researchers per thousand total employments (data for statistics of MECS and NSO) Indicators 2000 2005 2009 Total employments (thousand persons) 809.0 968.3 1006.3 Total researchers 1693 1731 1748 Total researchers per thousand total employments 2.09 1.79 1.74 Expenditure on R&D (data for statistics of MECS and NSO) Year Total expenditure on R&D Gross domestic product (GDP), at current prices Ratio to GDP, % 2009 15987.1 6055794.3 0.26 2008 18070.7 6019838.1 0.30 2007 10410.0 4599541.5 0.23 2006 7701.1 3714952.9 0.21 2005 7231.2 2779578.3 0.26 Millions, Mongolian tugrik (T) Sources of finds of R&D expenditure • • • • • • Government budget (central) Local budget Private organizations Higher education Foreign funds Money from basic and supporting activities of scientific research organizations • Other resources Expenditure on R&D by sources of funds (data of MECS, 2009) Total expenditure Source of funds Business Government enterprise Higher education Fund of abroad Not specified 15987.1 582.2 12358.2 394.7 289.7 2362.3 100% 3.6 77.3 2.5 1.8 14.8 Expenditure by sector of performance: Government -80.9% Business enterprise -6.9% Higher education -12.2% Most of R&D carried out in public sector research institutes and universities Central government main source of R&D funding Private sector R&D not assessed Expenditure by type of R&D activity (%, data MECS, 2009) 5. Major problems in collecting S&T statistics Major problems in collecting S&T statistics in Mongolia: • Not established a national integrated system of S&T information and statistics. • Non-existence of completely information or data on Industry and Business enterprise involvement into the S&T sector and that makes difficult to determine the current condition of S&T sector in Mongolia. • Sometimes S&T statistical data and methodology on data collection is different in Mongolia. For example: we don’t use the “Full-time equivalence (FTEs)” indicator and don’t know how to calculate them. Also some of indicators such as (“researchers”, “publications”) should be calculated in accordance with the internationally recognized methods. Major problems in collecting S&T statistics in Mongolia: • The importance and role of the S&T statistical information is very limited and public awareness on the S&T statistical information is poor in Mongolia. • Capacity of Institutional statisticians in the S&T sector is very low and un experienced. • Use of advanced ICT is the main negative factor for collecting, processing and aggregating statistical data as well as distributing this information to users. • Lack surveys on monitoring and evaluation of S&T statistical information and indicators at qualified level. Future suggestions and actions to improve the S&T statistics in Mongolia: • Collecting and integrating S&T information and statistics according to international classification and standards: To increase the number of internationally comparable S&T statistical data; to develop a guideline on definitions of the main S&T indicators and methodologies these calculations. • Calculating an Industry and Business enterprise involvement into the S&T sector: Expanding the degree of coverage of the Business enterprise and Industrial institutions to the S&T statistical information; under this framework need to integrate the National Statistical Office of Mongolia, and use its human resource and national statistical information network capacity. Future suggestions and actions to improve the S&T statistics in Mongolia: • Collecting and integrating innovation statistics and data according to international standards: developing of Law on Innovation; to determine the main indicators for respective innovation statistics need to be developed. • Introduction of modern advanced ICT (software and hardware) for collecting, processing and aggregating of S&T statistical information. • With the purpose of improving the capacity and exchange of experiences of the statistical officials, to involve and invite to the International or national seminars and training workshops widely. Thank you very much !