Transcript LESSON 6 PAD190

PAD190
PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION
LESSON 6
PUBLIC POLICY
INTRODUCTION
PUBLIC POLICY IS ONE OF THE IMPORTANCE
INSTRUMENTS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION THAT
APPLIED TO ACTIVITIES OF GOVERNMENTAL
ADMINISTRATION, MANAGEMENT AND
OPERATION. THE STUDY OF PUBLIC POLICY
FOCUSES ON THE THEORY, PROCESS AND ITS
APPLICATION ON PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
PRACTICES.
THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS LESSON
After attended this lecture student should be
able to:1. Define public policy.
2. Describe the process of policy-making.
3. Explain public policy making models.
4. Understand the applications of public
policy in Malaysian public administration.
WHAT IS PUBLIC POLICY?
• Public policy can be generally defined as the
course of action or inaction taken by
governmental entities (the decisions of
government) with regard to a particular issue
or set of issues.
• Public policy refers to a fixed plan and pattern
of behaviour by a government toward an
issue confronting it.
• a system of courses of action, regulatory
measures, laws, and funding priorities
concerning a given topic promulgated by a
governmental entity or its representatives.
Public policy incorporates objectives and
strategies that address a number of social
concerns and issues
• EDUCATION POLICY – concern with education
service and its delivery
• HEALTH POLICY – concern with health and
strategies to improve health services.
• NEW ECONOMIC POLICY – concern with long
term and short term development plan and its
implementation.
• NATIONAL BUDGET – concern with planning of
national income and expenditure.
THE CONTENT OF PUBLIC POLICY
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•
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ISSUE – the concern of the government
OBJECTIVE – aims or goals of the policy
STRATGIES – how to achieve the goals
PROGRAMMES – a particular activities that
going to be implemented
• FINANCE – cost incurred of achieving the
objectives
NATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY
(NEP)
• ISSUE – POVERTY AND DIFFERENCE IN
ECONOMIC STATUS RURAL VS URBAN
• OBJECTIVES – IMPROVING OPPORTUNITIES
AND INCREASE INCOME
• STARTEGIES – ERADICATION OF POVERTY
AMONG POOR PEOPLE, RESTRUCTURING
MALAYSIAN SOCIETY
• PROGRAMMES - FELDA
TYPES OF PUBLIC POLICY
• REGULATORY POLICY – to monitor and control
activities
• DISTRIBUTIVE POLICY – to subsidies or give aid
to society eg: poverty policy
• REDISTRIBUTIVE POLICY – Restructuring
economy and wealth among society
• SECURITY POLICY – maintaining peace and
stability
WHO MAKES PUBLIC POLICY?
• The process of formulating public policy
comprises political and non-political (NGO)
groups, administrative, legal and parliamentary
components.
• Every components have their own roles in
ensuring their interests are fulfill.
• Federal public service institutions play a leading
role in the formulation of public policies. These
institutions include such as Central agencies,
Ministries and department.
ACTORS IN PUBLIC POLICY MAKING
POLITICIANS
CIVIL
SERVANTS
PUBLIC
• WITHIN AND OUTSIDE
THE GOVERNMENT
• POLICY MAKERS
• POLICY IMPLEMENTERS
• MASS MEDIA
• INDIVIDUAL OR
COLLECTIVE WATCHDOGS
POLICY PROCESS
• POLICY FORMULATION
• POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
• POLICY EVALUATION
• POLICY REVIEW
PUBLIC POLICY MAKING MODELS
• Elite Model – policy making is the domination of
elite group
• Incremental Model – New policy is an
advancement of current policy
• Group Model – policy is a group initiatives
through bargaining process between policy
makers and the group
• System Model – policy is the product of political
system
• Rational Model – policy is the result of rational
thinking
• Institutional Model -
ELITE MODEL (Thomas R. Dye
HEIRARCY OF
POWER
Power
power
power
RULING
ELITES
PUBLIC
SERVANTS
PUBLIC
HIERARCHY OF
SOCIETY
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ELITE
MODEL
•
•
•
•
•
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Elite is the dominant group.
Public are passive/apathetic.
Elite opinion become a novel value
Policy is an elite decision.
Policy is directed towards elite interest.
The survival of elite depend on public support.
INCREMENTAL MODEL (Charles E.
Lindblom)
POLICY 5
POLICY 4
POLICY 3
POLICY 2
POLICY 6
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF
INVREMENTAL MODEL
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•
•
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Policy making is a continues process
Limitations and constraints
Familiarity policy
New policy is the advancement of current
policy.
• Uncertainty in making the new policy
• Incurred cost for establishing new policy
• Reducing conflict
GROUPS MODEL (David Truman)
PRESSURE GROUPS
POLICY
POLICY MAKERS
PRESSURE GROUPS
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUP
MODEL
• Policy making is the process of equilibrium
among various groups.
• Group demand becomes the factor of
determining the policy
• Policy decision depends on the group strength
• Checking and balancing
SYSTEM MODEL (David Easton)
ENVIRONMENT
DEMANDS
POLITICAL SYSTEM
SUPOPORTS
ENVIRONMENT
POLICY
DECISION
OUTPUT
INPUT
PROCESS
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SYSTEM
MODEL
• Policy making is a political process
• Policy is a transformation of input into output
• Public demands and supports as an input of
making the policy decision
• Policy as an influence of the environment
• Final policy is the overall process of
transformation.
POLICY APPLICATIONS IN
MALAYSIA
• Various policy have been established by the
government to ensure the efficiency and
effectiveness of public administration service
delivery.
• The scope of public policy in Malaysia is very
wide.
• Policy making involves various actors.
• Policy making is coordinated by EPU
• Parliamentary process is the final step of
policy making.
MALAYSIAN NEW
POLICY
1MALAYSIA
RAKYAT DIDAHULUKAN
PENCAPAIAN DIUTAMAKAN
Internet Links
• http://www.escwa.un.org/information/public
ations/edit/upload/ssd-03-1.pdf
• http://azman97.tripod.com/policy.html
TUTORIAL 6
• Discuss the policy making models that applied
in Malaysia.
• Discuss the example of public policy being
applied in Malaysia.
THAT ALL FOR TODAY
SEE YOU AGAIN NEXT LECTURE
LESSON 7
“PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION”
THANK YOU