Transcript Classification of Motor Tasks

Classification of Motor Tasks
Undergraduate Motor Learning
Emily H. Wughalter, Ed.D.
What is a taxonomy?
A taxonomy is a system for classifying tasks.
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Poulton’s (1957) conceptualization of motor skills
was based upon the predictability of the
environment. He categorized open and closed
skills into two discrete categories.
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According to Poulton’s classification system, an
open skill is one where little predictability of
the environment exists.
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According to Poulton, a closed skill is one that is
predictable.
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Knapp (1968)
Knapp viewed the open and closed skills on a
continuum. On Knapp’s continuum a skill
might move from open to closed or visa versa
depending on the level of expertise of a
performer, also depending on environmental
conditions.
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Information Processing
Input
• Internal and
External
Stimuli
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Central
Processing
• Perception
• Decision
• Effector
Output
• Movement
• Process
and Product
Knapp’s Continuum
Closed
Habitual
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Open
Perceptual
Gentile and her colleagues (1972, 1975, 1987,
2000) defined open skills as those where the
relevant factors in the environment are moving,
and closed skills as those where the relevant
factors in the environment are stationary. An
open skills is externally paced. A closed skill is
self paced.
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Basketball Dribbling
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Rallying in racquetball
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Running hurdles
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High jumping
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Open Skills
Spatial and temporal factors
Predictability is limited
Moving factors
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Closed Skills
Spatial factors only
Environment is highly predictable
Relevant factors are stationary
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Adaptive Movement
Adaptive movement is goal directed movement. It
can be:
– A. Movement made to change or maintain
the position of the body.
– B. Movement made to change or maintain
the position of an object
– C. Any combination of A and B.
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Movement of the body refers to whether the body
is stable or moving.
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Manipulation of an object is labeled as Limb
Transport Manipulation (LTM). An object can
be manipulated or not (LTM or No LTM)
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Movement of the Body
No LTM
Body
Stability
Body
Transport
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LTM
Stability
No LTM
Closed
Open
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LTM
Transport
No LTM
LTM
Intertrial variability is related to the changes in
the movement pattern caused by changes in
the environment from trial to trial.
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Environmental Predictability
Absent
Closed
Open
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Present
Stability
No
LTM
Absent
Stationary
LTM
Transport
No
LTM
LTM
Easiest
Present
Absent
Moving
Present
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Hardest
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Information Feedback
Knowledge of
performance feedback
is appropriate for
closed skills because
of single pattern of
movement emerges late
in practice.
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Information Feedback
Knowledge of results
feedback is appropriate
for open skills because
a diversity of motor
patterns emerge for
open skills.
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Discrete skills are defined as those with an
identifiable beginning and ending, e.g., kicking,
throwing, striking….
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Continuous skills are defined as those with no
identifiable beginning and ending, e.g., running,
skipping, cycling, swimming….
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Serial skills are defined as a series of discrete
skills connected together, e.g., receiving a
volleyball with a bump and then going up for a
spike, or fielding a baseball and throwing to
first base….
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SJSU Volleyball 2007
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SJSU Volleyball 2007
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Ford installs first moving assembly line 1913
Photo: Moving assembly line at Ford Motor Company's Michigan plant
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