Henry III - Rolla Public Schools
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Transcript Henry III - Rolla Public Schools
Chapter 12
The Age of Religious Wars
French Wars of Religion
(1562-1598)
Catholics v. Huguenots (Calvinists)
Catherine de Medicis v. the Guises
Political/Social/Religious Thought
Introduction & Background
1st
½ 16th Century—Central Europe
Lutherans
2nd ½ 16th Century—Western
Europe Calvinists
Peace of Augsburg—Lutherans &
HRE
Cuius regio eius religio
IMPORTANT!
Calvinists
Presbyterian
– Church boards
represent
individual
churchES
Restrained art
– Wren
– Rembrandt
Roman Catholic
Episcopal
– Hierarchical
– PopePriest
– One King/One
Church/ One Law
– Baroque art
Rubens
Bernini
Popepriest
–One King/One Church/One Law
Baroque art
– Rubens
– Bernini
*French—Anti Protestant
(until Henry IV)
*Francis I captured
by Charles V
(curry favor &
releasedprotestant
persecution)
*Shift in power from France to
Spain
*Internal conflict—3 families
Guise
Strongest
Militant
Catholicism
Firm control
Connection to crown through
Francis II wife—Mary Stuart (we’ll
learn about her later)
you can’t swing a dead cat in Europe
without hitting somebody’s royal relative!
Bourbon
Huguenot
(Protestant) for
political reasons
Louis I (Conde) –political leaders
of French protestant resistance
Eventually rises to top (Louis XIV,
etc)
Montmorency-Chatillon
Huguenot
(Protestant) for
political reasons
Coligny—political leader of
French protestant resistance
Appeal--Huguenots:
Many
aristocrats and
townspeople joined the
Huguenots in opposition to
Guise-dominated French
monarchy.
Indirectly served forces of
political decentralization.
1561
– more than 2,000 Huguenot
congregations existed
1/15 total population
–Majority of population in:
Dauphine
Languedoc
Over
2/5 aristocracy became
Huguenots
Calvin & Beza
curried favor w/ aristocrats
Beza
- Converted Jeanne
d’Albert, future mother to Henry
of Navarre (Henry IV)
Calvinism used as aids to
achieve long-sought political
goals
– Benefited both political & religious
dissidents
Calvinism gave political
resistance justification &
inspiration, and the forces of
political resistance made
Calvinism a viable religious
alternative in Catholic France.
KOT 391
Religious conviction was
neither the only nor always
the main reason for becoming
a Calvinist in France in the
second half of the 16th
century.
KOT 391
Catherine de Médicis and
the Guises
Who was Catherine?
•Florence 1519-Blois 1589
•Power behind the throne 3 sons
Francis II (r. 1559-1560)
Charles IX (r. 1560-1574)
Henry III (r. 1574-1589)
January Edict
1562
Influenced
by
Beza & Coligny
Granted
protestants
freedom to
worship publicly
outside town
and hold
synods
However….
March
1562
Duke of Guise ordered
massacre of a Protestant
congregation
Beginning of French wars of
Revolution
Protestants—fear of
annihilation
International measure of
struggle
– Hesse & Palatinate fought w/ Huguenots
1st
war (1562-1563) Duke of Guise
assassinated
2nd war (1567-1568)resumption of
hostilities
3rd war (Sept 1568-Aug 1570)
BLOODIEST of all conflicts
rd
3
war
•Condè was killed
•Leadership was passed to
Colignya blessing in disguise
•Colignybetter military strategist
Peace of Saint-Germain-En-Laye
Ended the 3rd war
The crown acknowledged the power
of the Protestant nobility
Granted the Huguenots religious
freedoms within their territories and
the right to fortify their cities
Catherine….
Plot w/ Guise faction to
assassinate Coligny???
Coligny struck (not
killed) by assassin’s
bullet
Fear King’s reaction to
her complicity &
Huguenot response to
assassination attempt
Peace? Yeah, right!
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
24 August 1572—Paris
Coligny & 3,000 Huguenots butchered
20,000 slaughtered in next 3 days
throughout France
Pope Gregory II & Philip II (Spain)
celebrated—why?
– France internal civil war no French resistance
in Netherlands
Catherine?
a politique
Uneven balance
between Catholics &
Huguenots
Wanted CATHOLIC
France
Thwart Guise
attempt at
NOT
6º of separation
Catherine
flip-flopped
–Bourbon faction grew in
influence
–Called on Guise to suppress
Protestant support
International concerns
REAL
FEAR:
Louis of Nassau—Netherlands—
Protestant
– Coligny influenced King Charles IX
Invade Netherlands assist
protestants
FRANCE
v. SPAIN
Controlled
Netherlands
Meanwhile
Henry
III (r1574-1589)
Steer course between 2 factions
–Catholic League
–Vengeful Huguenots
–Therefore: gain support from
moderates in both
Save France—compromise
religious creeds
POLITIQUE
The Peace of Beaulieu
May
1576
“Granted the Huguenots almost
complete religious and civil freedom”
Less than seven months later, the
Catholic League objected!!
In order to maintain his political
power, it was necessary for Henry III
to revoke the Peace of Beaulieu in
October 1577.
Results of the Peace of
Beaulieu
After
the Peace of Beaulieu
– Protestants and the Catholics
resumed a policy of military political
resistance.
In
opposition to Henry III
– Catholic League assumed total power
in Paris, with the help of Spain.
The Day of Barricades
Henry
III launched a
“surprise attack” against
the Catholic League in
Paris in 1588.
The attack failed
miserably, and Henry
was forced to retreat.
Assassination
The
king’s position was seriously
weakened, so he resorted to a
drastic tactic: assassination.
He “plotted” the assassination of the
duke and the cardinal of Guise.
Henry’s plot was successful.
Led by yet another member of the
Guise family, the Catholic League
revolted angrily.
Henry III forms an alliance
Henry of Navarre
April 1589
Weakened by the Catholic
League, Henry III had only
one remaining option: to join
the Protestant Huguenots, who
were led by Henry of Navarre.
Henry of Navarre—Henry IV
Henry III murdered by Dominican monk
Heir to French throne by marriage to
Henry III’s sister Margaret
PROTESTANT—oh NO! Say is ain’t so!!
Philip II & Pope panic
POLITIQUE
“Paris is worth a mass”
Protestant AND Catholic
The Reign of Henry of
Navarre
Henry of Navarre was well-liked and
supported by the French people.
On July 25, 1593, he denounced
Protestantism and officially “embraced”
Catholicism.
He hoped that tolerant Catholicism would
politically unite France.
The majority of the French people and
church supported Henry’s decision. (They
wanted unity too!)
In 1596...
The
Catholic League was
“dispersed.”
The Catholic League’s ties with
Spain were broken.
The French Religious wars
came to an end.
Edict of Nantes--1598
Formal religious settlement
France – officially CATHOLIC
– Recognize & SANCTION minority religious
rights
– Public worship/right to assemble/admission
to public offices & universities/maintain
fortified towns
TRUCE—however, distrust/cold war
Henry IV—laid groundwork for absolute
monarchy