Transcript AP-Chapter-5 - McLaren

ESSENTIALS OF A&P
FOR EMERGENCY CARE
CHAPTER
5
Tissues and Systems:
The Inside Story
Essentials of A&P for Emergency Care
Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff Ankney • Karen T. Lee • Bryan E. Bledsoe
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Multimedia Asset Directory
Slide 40 Tissue Repair Animation
Slide 78 Body Systems Animation
Slide 79 Histotechnology Video
Essentials of A&P for Emergency Care
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Introduction
• Cells are the basic building blocks of our
bodies.
• Similar cells are organized into tissues that
perform similar functions.
• A collection of tissues designed to perform
similar or several functions is called an
organ.
• Organs that work together to perform
major specific activities, often with the help
of accessory structures, form systems.
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Learning Objectives
• Explain the relationship between cells,
tissues, organs, and organ systems.
• List and describe the four main types of
tissue and variations within each type.
• Identify and describe the various body
membranes.
• List and describe the main functions of the
body systems.
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Pronunciation Guide
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cuboidal (cue BOYD al)
cutaneous membranes (cue TAY nee us)
epithelial tissue (ep ih THEE lee al)
genitourinary (JEN eh toe YUR ih nair ee)
glia (GLEE ah)
lacunae (luh KOO nay)
meninges (men IN jeez)
neuroglia (noo ROG lee uh)
neuron (NOO ron)
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Pronunciation Guide
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parietal (pah RYE eh tal)
serous membrane (SEER us)
squamous (SKWAY mus)
stratified (STRAT ih fied)
striated muscle (STRY ate ed)
synovial membrane (sin OH vee al)
transitional (tran ZISH un al)
visceral (VISS er al)
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Tissues
• Tissue is formed when there is a collection
of similar cells that act together to perform
a function.
• Imagine the cells as bricks, placed in a
specific pattern to create functional walls
of a building.
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Tissues
• There are many types of tissue. The four
main types of tissues are:
– Epithelial
– Connective
– Muscle
– Nervous
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Epithelial Tissue
• Like plastic wrap, epithelial tissue covers
and lines much of the body and also
covers many of the parts found in the
body.
• The cells are packed tightly together
forming a sheet that usually has no blood
vessels in it, except for the epithelial tissue
of the bowel, that has capillaries.
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Classification of Epithelial Tissue
• Epithelial tissues can be further classified
by their shape, as well as by their
arrangement.
• Flat or scale-like cells – squamous
• Cube-shaped – cuboidal
• Column-like – columnar
• Stretchy and variably shaped – transitional
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Classification of Epithelial Tissue
• If the cells are arranged in a single layer
and are all the same type of cell, we
classify them as simple.
• If they are several layers deep, they are
stratified and will be named by the type of
cell on the outer layer.
• The exception is pseudostratified
epithelium, which is a single layer of cells
that looks stratified.
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Figure 5-1 Types and locations of epithelial tissues.
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Membranes
• Membranes are sheet-like structures
found throughout the body that perform
special functions.
• Membranes can be classified as organs.
• Membranes classified as epithelial
membranes possess a layer of epithelial
tissue and a bottom layer of a specialized
connective tissue.
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Membranes
• Epithelial membranes can be classified
into three general types:
– Cutaneous
– Serous
– Mucous
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Table 5-1 Types of Epithelial Membranes.
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Figure 5-2 Location of serous and mucous membranes.
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Learning Hint:
Mucous versus Mucus
• Mucous and mucus are two different
things.
• Mucous is an adjective that describes the
type of membrane that produces mucus,
the actual substance.
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Connective Tissue
• Connective tissue is the most common of
the tissues, and is found scattered
throughout the body.
• It is found in organs, bones, nerves,
muscles, membranes, and skin.
• Connective tissue holds things together
and provides structure and support.
• Cells are embedded in a non-living
extracellular matrix.
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Connective Tissue
• Connective Tissue Proper
– Areolar: fine, delicate webs
– Adipose: fat
– Dense: strong cord-like structures similar to
wire cables
• Cartilage: cells in holes in gel-like matrix
• Bones: cells in mineral matrix
• Blood: cells in liquid matrix
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Figure 5-3 Types and locations of connective tissues.
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From the Streets:
Blunt Chest Trauma
• Movement of the heart and great vessels
is limited by strong connective tissues.
• Sudden and rapid deceleration of
vehicular trauma places aorta under stress
and often results in tearing and rupture.
• 80-90 percent of victims with traumatic
thoracic aortic rupture die at the scene.
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From the Streets:
Blunt Chest Trauma
Figure 5-3 Thoracic vascular trauma is often seen in high-speed, high-energy
deceleration injuries. (© Ray Kemp / 911 Imaging)
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Synovial Membrane
• The connective tissue membrane is the
synovial membrane.
• This important membrane is found in the
space between joints and produces a
slippery substance called synovial fluid.
• This special fluid greatly reduces friction
when joints move.
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Figure 5-5 The synovial joint.
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Muscle Tissue
• Muscle tissue provides the means for
movement, by and in our bodies.
• This form of tissue has the ability to
shorten itself (contractility).
• There are three types of muscle tissue:
– Skeletal
– Cardiac
– Smooth
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Skeletal Muscle
• Skeletal muscle, often called striated
because of its striped appearance, causes
movement by contracting and relaxing.
• It is often found around the openings in
our body, such as the mouth, and controls
the size of the opening.
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Skeletal Muscle
• The cells that make up skeletal muscle are
long and fiber-like with many nuclei in
each cell.
• The brain controls muscle contraction and
relaxation. Because we consciously
control these muscles, they are also called
voluntary muscles.
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Cardiac Muscle
• Cardiac muscle is found in the walls of the
heart.
• Our hearts beat without conscious control
so this muscle type is considered an
involuntary muscle tissue.
• The cells in this type of tissue interlock
with each other. This makes for a more
efficient contraction.
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Smooth Muscle
• Smooth muscle tissue forms the walls of our
hollow organs such as in our digestive system
(often called visceral muscle) and blood vessels.
• We don’t control these muscles with our
thoughts, so they are also called involuntary
muscles.
• Cells forming this tissue are not as long and
fibrous as skeletal muscles and each cell has
only one nucleus.
• Smooth muscle has no striations.
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Figure 5-6 Labeled diagram and flowchart of the three muscle tissue types.
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Nervous Tissue
• Nervous tissue acts as a rapid messenger
service for the body and its messages can
cause actions to occur.
• There are two types of nerve cells:
– Neurons – conduction of information
 Branch-like formations on the neurons are called
dendrites and receive sensory information, while
the trunk-shaped structure called the axon
transports information away from the cell body
– Glia (or neuroglia) – support and connection
cells
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Nervous Tissue
• The membranes that cover the brain and
spinal cord are called meninges.
• Many nerves have an insulating layer
called the myelin sheath.
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Figure 5-7 The two main types of nerve cells.
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From the Streets:
Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)
• Usually results from the brain moving back
and forth in the skull as a result of
acceleration and deceleration forces.
• The most common sign is altered mental
status or unconsciousness.
• This injury is typically irreversible, so the
best treatment is prevention.
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Tissue Repair
• Right after injury, if blood vessels are
damaged, the wound fills with blood. Blood
contains substances that cause it to clot.
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Tissue Repair
• At the same time, inflammation occurs,
with the symptoms of redness, swelling,
heat, and pain.
– During inflammation, white blood cells enter to
destroy any pathogens that may have entered
when the wound occurred and to remove
cellular debris.
– In addition, extra fluid floods the damaged
tissues, and more blood flows to the scene
bringing nutrients and other chemicals that aid
healing.
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Tissue Repair
• Next, cells called fibroblasts (cells that can
develop into connective tissue) come in
and begin pulling the edges of the wound
together. A pink, well-vascularized tissue
fills in the space.
• After this tissue is in place, the tissue will
either regenerate (replace itself with
exactly the same tissue) or scar, based on
the severity of the wound and the ability of
the tissue to repair itself.
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Tissue Repair
• If the wound is severe, a tough scar
composed of collagen fibers may form.
Scars can’t function like the tissue, so the
damage is permanent. Some less severe
wounds will be repaired by regeneration of
the original tissue.
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Tissue Repair
• Some tissues are excellent at
regeneration, including epithelium, bone,
blood, areolar tissue, and adipose tissue.
Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue are
basically unable to regenerate, even if
damage is minor. Most tissues are
somewhere in between.
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Click here to view a video on the topic of tissue repair.
Back to Directory
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Organs
• An organ is the result of two or more types of
tissues organized in such a way as to
accomplish something that the tissues cannot do
on their own.
• Some organs occur singly and some in pairs.
• Vital organs are the ones that you can’t live
without.
• Other organs, like the spleen, appendix, or
gallbladder can be removed without causing
problems.
• Organs work as part of a system.
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Systems
• A system is formed by organs that work
together to accomplish something more
complex than what a single organ can do
on its own.
• Each system is connected, often
depending on other systems for the proper
functioning of your body.
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Table 5-2 Systems and Organs of the Human Body.
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Table 5-2 (continued) Systems and Organs of the Human Body.
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Table 5-2 (continued) Systems and Organs of the Human Body.
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Table 5-2 (continued) Systems and Organs of the Human Body.
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Skeletal System
• Functions of the skeletal system:
– Provides support and structure for the body
– Protects organs
– Provides movement
– Stores a variety of minerals
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Skeletal System
• The main components of the system are:
– Bones
– Joints
– Ligaments
– Cartilage
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Figure 5-8 The skeletal system.
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Muscular System
• Voluntary muscles
– Movement created by conscious thought, like
scratching your nose
– Skeletal muscles attached to your bones
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Muscular System
• Involuntary muscles
– Perform without conscious thought
– Classified as smooth muscle or cardiac
muscle
– Found in blood vessels, airways, and organs
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Figure 5-9 The muscular system.
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From the Streets:
Strain Versus Sprain
• A strain is a fairly minor injury to a muscle
or tendon.
• A strain is an injury to a ligament usually
following injury to a joint.
• May be difficult to distinguish between a
sprain or fracture in the field. Best to
assume a fracture and treat accordingly.
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Integumentary System
• The body’s first line of protection is the skin.
• Skin is one part of the integumentary system.
• The integumentary system regulates
temperature through sweating, shivering, and
changes in diameter of blood vessels in the
skin.
• Sensory information received from the
outside world (heat, cold, pain, pressure, etc.)
comes from sensors in the skin.
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Integumentary System
• Glands in the skin help to lubricate and
waterproof your skin, and inhibit the
growth of unwanted bacteria.
• The main components include skin, hair,
sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and
nails.
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Figure 5-10 The integumentary system.
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Nervous System
• This system sends and receives
messages, stimulated by the body’s
internal and external environments,
affecting how we perceive the world and
protecting us from harm.
• Conscious sensations occur as a result of
stimulation of our sensory receptors.
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Nervous System
• The main parts of the nervous system
include the spinal cord, brain, peripheral
nerves, nerve cells, and spinal fluid.
Special sensory organs include the eyes,
ears, nose, tongue, and skin.
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Nervous System
• The three main functions of the nervous
system are:
– Receiving messages
– Processing and interpreting messages
– Sending messages
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Figure 5-11 The nervous system.
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Endocrine System
• The endocrine system acts as a control
center for virtually all of the body’s organs.
• Endocrine glands release chemicals called
hormones that are circulated via the
cardiovascular system, regulating the
metabolic processes and utilizing
metabolites for growth and reproduction.
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Endocrine System
• The endocrine system helps to regulate
fluid and electrolyte balance and also
helps to cope with stresses produced by
infection and trauma.
• The main components of the endocrine
system are the hypothalamus, pineal,
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, and
adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads,
plus a large variety of hormones.
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Figure 5-12 The endocrine system.
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Cardiovascular System
• Also called the circulatory system, this is
the main transportation system to each
cell of our body.
• Water, oxygen, and a variety of nutrients
and substances required for life are
transported to the cells, while waste
products are removed from the cells.
• The main components are the heart,
arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood.
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Figure 5-13 The cardiovascular system.
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Respiratory System
• The respiratory system supplies the cells
with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
without conscious effort.
• The respiratory system filters, warms, and
moistens the air we breathe.
• The mucous lining of the airway helps trap
foreign particles and germs.
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Respiratory System
• This system also helps to maintain the
proper acid-base balance.
• The main parts of this system include the
nose, nasal cavity, trachea, larynx,
pharynx, bronchial tubes, and the lungs.
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Figure 5-14 The respiratory system.
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Lymphatic and Immune System
• This system is responsible for helping to
maintain proper fluid balance and protect
us from infection.
• Special structures, called lymph nodes, act
as filters to capture unwanted infectious
agents.
• This system produces special white cells,
called T-lymphocytes, to fight infection.
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Lymphatic and Immune System
• Major parts of this system include lymph
vessels, lymph ducts, lymph nodes,
thymus gland, tonsils, and spleen.
• The immune system defends the body
against infection using a variety of
weapons.
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Figure 5-15 The lymphatic system.
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Gastrointestinal or Digestive
System
• Often called the GI system, the digestive system
takes the raw material (food) and breaks it down
both mechanically and chemically into usable
substances, then absorbs these substances for
transportation to the cells.
• Unused materials produce waste, which is
transported out of the body by this system.
• The main parts of this system include the mouth,
pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines,
accessory organs, bowel, and anal canal.
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Figure 5-16 The digestive system.
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Urinary System
• The urinary system plays an important role in
the elimination of waste products,
electrolytes, drugs, and other toxins, as well
as excessive water.
• Water regulation, blood pressure regulation,
regulation of red blood cells, electrolyte
balance, and pH balance are all important
functions of the urinary system.
• The kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and
urethra are all important parts of this system.
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Figure 5-17 The female and male urinary systems.
Essentials of A&P for Emergency Care
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Reproductive System
• The reproductive system is often combined
with the urinary system to make the
genitourinary system, or GU system.
• The purpose of this system is to make new
humans.
• The main female parts of this system include
the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, eggs, and
vagina.
• For men the main parts are the testes,
sperm, and penis.
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Figure 5-18 The male and female reproductive systems.
Essentials of A&P for Emergency Care
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Click here to view an animation showing body systems.
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Snapshots from the Journey
• Cells are the basic building blocks of the body.
• Tissue is a collection of similar cells acting
together to perform a function. The four types of
tissue are epithelial, connective, muscle, and
nervous.
• Membranes are sheet-like structures found
throughout the body that perform specific
functions. The four major membrane types are:
cutaneous, serous, mucous, and synovial
membranes.
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Snapshots from the Journey
• Tissues that combine to perform a specific
function or functions are called an organ.
• Organs that work together, often with the
help of accessory structures, to perform
specific activities create a system.
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Snapshots from the Journey
• There are 11 major body systems:
skeletal, muscular, integumentary,
nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular,
respiratory, lymphatic/immune,
gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive.
Even though these are distinct systems,
they are interrelated, and their
relationships are highlighted in upcoming
chapters.
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Case Study: Group Project
• A 73-year-old male presents to an emergency
department of a local hospital. Initial assessment
reveals the following:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Afebrile
Mild tachypnea
Shortness of breath
Acrocyanosis
Mild tachycardia
History of smoking
History of diabetes
Moderately overweight
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Case Study Questions
• Based on the information given, have members
of the group identify which system or systems of
the body they would want to further investigate
to determine why this individual has come to the
emergency department. You have learned some
medical terminology already but may need
additional help from the text, medical dictionary,
or website. Compile a list of specialists or health
care professionals to whom you might refer this
patient, and explain why.
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FROM THE STREETS
You are called to the scene of a 34-year-old
male who is “confused”. During your patient
interview his wife tells you he is a Type-1
diabetic who has taken his insulin, but did
not eat. His blood glucose is 45 mg/dl
(normal range 60—120 mg/dl).
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From the Streets Questions
• What body system controls the metabolic
process that is out of balance in your
patient?
• What organ is responsible for regulating
glucose levels?
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From the Streets Questions
• What body system controls the metabolic
process that is out of balance in your
patient? Endocrine system
• What organ is responsible for regulating
glucose levels? The pancreas
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FROM THE STREETS
You are called to a local restaurant for a 18year-old male complaining of nausea/
vomiting, diarrhea, itching and hives, and
difficulty breathing. This began after he ate
some lobster. The patient has a shellfish
allergy.
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From the Streets Questions
• What type of emergency is the patient
experiencing?
• What body system(s) are affected by the
condition?
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From the Streets Questions
• What type of emergency is the patient
experiencing? Allergic reaction
• What body system(s) are affected by the
condition? The gastrointestinal,
respiratory, and integumentary systems
are affected.
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End of Chapter
Review Questions
1. Blood can be classified as which type of
tissue?
a. Connective
b. Cardiac
c. Nerve
d. Muscle
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Review Questions
2. This membrane lines body cavities and
covers the organs found in those
cavities.
a. Cutaneous
b. Serous
c. Mucous
d. Mucus
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Review Questions
3. This muscle type has interlocking cells
for a more efficient contraction.
a. Skeletal
b. Neuroglia
c. Cardiac
d. Smooth
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Review Questions
4. The acid-base balance found in your
body is mainly controlled by the following
system.
a. Skeletal
b. Urinary
c. Endocrine
d. None of the above
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Review Questions
5. Which of the following organs belongs to
the digestive system?
I.
II.
III.
IV.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Urethra
Gallbladder
Spleen
Small intestine
I, II
I, III, IV
II, IV
II, III
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Review Questions
6. You are given a sample of tissue. It has
pink cells in a firm purple matrix. The
cells are nestled in little holes. What kind
of tissue is it?
a. Epithelium
b. Cartilage
c. Cardiac muscle
d. Nervous
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Review Questions
7. A young ball player is hit in the head by a
pitch and knocked unconscious. At the
hospital he is seen by a specialist. Which
specialist?
a. Optometrist
b. Rheumatologist
c. Neurologist
d. Gastroenterologist
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Review Questions
1. The system that coordinates all of the
body’s functions is the _________
system.
2. The ______ system allows body
movements.
3. Cartilage is a specific type of______
tissue.
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Review Questions
4. The layer of serous membrane that
covers specific organs is called the
________ layer.
5. This system produces hormones
_______.
6. Which system stores calcium?
__________
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Review Questions
1. List in order from simplest to most
complex, the following: organs, cells,
systems, tissues.
2. List the differences between epithelial
and connective tissue.
3. Compare and contrast the types of
membranes.
4. Contrast the three types of muscle
tissues and where they are found.
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Review Questions
5. For the following disorders, list the
primary system involved: arthritis,
hepatitis, pneumonia, osteoporosis, and
urinary tract infection.
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