AP-Chapter-1 - McLaren
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ESSENTIALS OF A&P
FOR EMERGENCY CARE
CHAPTER
1
Introduction to Anatomy
and Physiology
Essentials of A&P for Emergency Care
Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff Ankney • Karen T. Lee • Bryan E. Bledsoe
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Multimedia Asset Directory
Slide 24
Slide 32
Slide 45
Slide 46
Slide 47
Medical Specialties Video
Vital Signs Video
Medical Assisting Video
Health Information Management Video
Medical Transcription Video
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Introduction
• Health professionals speak a foreign
language called medical terminology.
• This chapter will lay the foundation for
learning this new language.
• Future chapters will build upon the
foundation that begins here, so at
journey’s end you will not only understand
anatomy and physiology, but be fluent in
the language.
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Learning Objectives
• Understand the term “anatomy and
physiology” and its various related areas.
• Construct and define medical terms using
word roots, prefixes, and suffixes.
• Explain the concept and importance of
homeostasis.
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Pronunciation Guide
Click on the megaphone icon before each item to hear the pronunciation.
anatomy (ah NA tom ee)
diagnosis (dye ag NOH sis)
etiology (ee tee ALL oh jee)
homeostasis (hoh mee oh STAY sis)
macroscopic anatomy (mak roh SCOP ic)
metabolism (meh TAB oh lizm)
microscopic anatomy (my kroh SCOP ic)
pathology (path ALL oh jee)
physiology (fiz ee ALL oh jee)
Essentials of A&P for Emergency Care
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Pronunciation Guide
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prognosis (prog NOH sis)
syndrome (SIN drohm)
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Anatomy
• Anatomy is the study of the internal and
external structures of the human body.
• The human body is complex and amazing; to
truly understand it you must know how it is
put together.
• Anatomy is a Greek word meaning “to cut
apart.”
• Specialties within the field of anatomy include
microscopic anatomy and macroscopic
(gross) anatomy.
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Microscopic Anatomy
• Specialized field of anatomy
• The study of structures that can only be
seen and studied with magnification aids
such as a microscope
– The study of cellular structures is called
cytology.
– The study of tissue samples is called
histology.
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Macroscopic Anatomy
• Also called gross anatomy
• The study of the structures of the body
visible to the naked, or unaided, eye
• Examples include
– The study of the skeletal system
– Looking at an X-ray (radiology)
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Physiology
• Focuses on the function and vital
processes of the various structures
making up the human body
• Closely related to anatomy because it is
the study of how an anatomical structure
actually functions
• Deals with all the vital processes of life
and is more complex, with more subspecialties
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Subspecialties of Physiology
•
•
•
•
Human physiology
Animal physiology
Cellular physiology
Neurophysiology
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Putting It All Together
• Anatomy focuses on structures and how
something is put together.
• Physiology is the study of how these
different structures work together to make
the body function as a whole.
• The design of the structure is often related
to its function.
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Putting It All Together
• Human anatomy and physiology forms the
foundation for all medical practice.
• Anything that upsets normal structure or
function can be called pathology or
pathophysiology.
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Figure 1–1 A. Normal red blood cells (RBCs) are flexible and donut shaped and move
with ease through blood vessels.
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Figure 1–1 (continued) B. The anatomical distortion of the structure of RBCs in sickle
cell anemia affects its normal function to carry oxygen. In addition, the sickle cells lose their
ability to bend and pass through the small blood vessels, blocking blood flow.
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Medical Terminology
• The language of anatomy and physiology is
primarily based on medical terminology.
• Learning medical terminology is easier if you
understand the root terms, prefixes, and
suffixes that can be put together to form a
large variety of terms.
• Each medical term has a basic structure
upon which to build, called a word root.
• Prefixes and suffixes are added to root words
and can change or alter the meaning.
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Figure 1–2 How prefixes and suffixes can be combined with a word root to form many
medical terms.
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Essentials of A&P for Emergency Care
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Essentials of A&P for Emergency Care
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Essentials of A&P for Emergency Care
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Learning Hint
• If a suffix begins with a vowel, drop the vowel in
the combining form.
• The medical definition indicates the last part of
the term first, especially when suffixes are used.
– Inflammation of the stomach is gastritis not itisgast
and one who studies the stomach is a gastrologist,
not an ologistgastro.
• When using prefixes, put the part in the order
you say the definition.
– Slow heart rate is bradycardia, not cardiabrady.
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Common Medical
Abbreviations
• Extensively used in the medical profession
• Useful in simplifying long, complicated
terms for diseases, diagnostic procedures,
and therapies during charting
• You will learn more abbreviations with
each chapter
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Essentials of A&P for Emergency Care
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The Metric System
• The metric system is the mathematical
language of anatomy and physiology.
• Two major systems of measurements are
used in the world today.
– The United States Customary System (USCS)
Used in the United States and Myanmar
– The Système International (SI)
Used everywhere else, especially in science,
healthcare, and pharmaceuticals companies
Also known as the metric system; based on the
power of 10
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The United States Customary
System (USCS)
• Based on the British Imperial System
• Different designations for length, weight, and
volume
– Volume in ounces, pints, quarts, gallons, pounds
– Distances in inches, feet, yards, and miles
– Weight in pounds, ounces, and tons
• Commonly called the English system
• Cumbersome to use because there is no
common base, with no relationship between
each unit
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Prehospital Documentation
• In EMS, proper documentation of patient
findings and care provided is essential.
• Standard abbreviations are necessary so
other health care providers will understand
them.
• Many EMS systems have an approved list
of standardized abbreviations that should
be followed.
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Language of Disease
• Things can go wrong with the human
body.
• Disease is a condition in which the body
fails to function normally.
• The body works to make things function
smoothly and maintain a balance known
as homeostasis.
• Eating habits, smoking, inherited traits,
trauma, cancer, environmental factors,
and aging can alter this balance.
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Signs and Symptoms of Disease
• Signs are definitive, objective, obvious
indicators of an illness.
– Vital signs (temperature, pulse, respiration,
and blood pressure)
– Fever
– Cough
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Figure 1–4 A health care professional taking a radial pulse and common pulse points.
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Signs and Symptoms of Disease
• Symptoms are more subjective and
difficult to measure consistently.
– Pain – tolerance to pain varies in different
people
• A set of signs and symptoms that
commonly occur with a specific disease
process is called a syndrome.
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Diagnosis
• Diagnosis translates from the Greek as
“know through or completely.”
• Discovering as many signs and symptoms
as possible can aid in making a diagnosis.
• History and results of diagnostic testing
are also required.
• Prognosis is the prediction of the outcome
of a disease.
• Etiology is the cause of the disease.
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Clinical Application: Metabolic
Syndrome or Syndrome X
• There is a disturbing new syndrome,
affecting nearly one quarter of the United
States’ adult population, known as
Metabolic Syndrome or Syndrome X.
• Individuals who exhibit this syndrome are
at an increased risk for a form of diabetes,
heart attack, and/or stroke.
• This syndrome is the result of poor diet
and lack of exercise.
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Metabolic Syndrome or
Syndrome X
• People with this syndrome exhibit three of
five common conditions:
– High blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia)
– High blood pressure (hypertension)
– Abdominal obesity
– High triglycerides
– Low blood levels of HDL (good cholesterol)
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Amazing Facts:
Bizarre Signs and Symptoms
• There are some strange signs and symptoms
that are indications of disease. There are
many others that aren’t listed here.
– Generalized itching – Hodgkin’s disease
– Sweating at night – Tuberculosis
– A hunger for clay or starchy paste – Iron
deficiency
– Fruity smelling breath – Diabetes
– Magenta colored tongue – Riboflavin deficiency
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Amazing Facts:
Bizarre Signs and Symptoms
• There are some strange signs and
symptoms that are indications of disease.
There are many others that aren’t listed
here.
– Absence of moons on fingernails – Kidney
disease
– Hairy tongue – Results from improper usage
of antibiotics
– Spoon shaped fingernails – Iron deficiency
– Brown linear streaks on fingernails –
Melanoma
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Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is the physiological process
that monitors and maintains a stable
internal environment or equilibrium.
• Survival depends on our ability to maintain
homeostasis.
• Homeostatic regulation refers to the
adjustments made in the human organism
to maintain a stable internal environment.
– The thermostat in your home is an example of
a homeostatic control.
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Negative Feedback Loop
• If the feedback opposes the stimulus, it is
a negative feedback loop
• The hypothalamus in the brain uses a
negative feedback loop to control body
temperature and maintain homeostasis.
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Positive Feedback
• Positive feedback increases the magnitude of
a change versus resisting change.
• This kind of a process is also known as a
vicious cycle.
• This is not a way to regulate your body
because it increases a change away from a
set point.
• Often harmful if the cycle cannot be broken.
• An example is the recurrent contraction of the
uterus during childbirth.
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FROM THE STREETS
You respond to the scene of a patient who
cut himself while peeling an apple. Upon
arrival you find that the patient’s cut finger
has clotted. This is an example of what type
of feedback process?
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FROM THE STREETS
You respond to the scene of a patient who
cut himself while peeling an apple. Upon
arrival you find that the patient’s cut finger
has clotted. This is an example of what type
of feedback process? Positive Feedback
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Figure 1–5 The homeostatic control of normal body temperature (37ºC or 98.6ºF).
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Figure 1–5 (continued)
The homeostatic control of normal body temperature
(37ºC or 98.6ºF).
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Snapshots from the Journey
• Anatomy – study of the internal and external
structures of the body; Physiology – study of
function; Pathology – study of disease
• Medical terminology – language of medicine
combining root words, prefixes, and suffixes
• Metric system – mathematical language of
medicine based on the power of ten
• Homeostasis – the body’s attempt to maintain
a balanced, or stable, environment; uses
negative feedback
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Case Study
A 66-year-old Asian male involved in a
vehicular accident is taken to the ICU with
SOB and abdominal pain. He has
acrocyanosis, tachycardia, and a past
medical history of cardiopathy. He weighs
150 pounds and is 5 feet 6 inches tall. His
chest X-ray shows an enlarged heart. His
facial injuries will require future rhinoplastic
surgery. An electrocardiogram and lower GI
series is ordered.
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Case Study Questions
• Where exactly in the hospital was the
patient taken?
• Describe the patient’s color, heart rate,
and breathing.
• What is the medical term for what the Xray showed?
• What future facial surgery will be needed?
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FROM THE STREETS
You are called to the home of 59 year-old
male. According to his wife, he is “not acting
right”. Upon your arrival you find him confused
and check his blood glucose. Blood glucose=
49 mg/dl (normal range 60-120 mg/dl). His
wife states that she tried to get him to drink
some orange juice, but he had difficulty
swallowing. The wife describes that he has
been NPO after midnight for a colonoscopy
scheduled in the morning.
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From the Streets Questions
• What is the term that best describes his
current diagnosis?
• What is the term that best describes his
“difficulty swallowing”?
• What does the abbreviation NPO mean?
• Describe what is meant by the term
colonoscopy.
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From the Streets Questions
• What is the term that best describes his
current diagnosis? Hypoglycemia
• What is the term that best describes his
“difficulty swallowing”? Dysphagia
• What does the abbreviation NPO mean?
Nothing by mouth
• Describe what is meant by the term
colonoscopy. A procedure/instrument that
views the colon
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End of Chapter
Review Questions
1. Which of the following is an example of
microscopic anatomy?
a. Viewing an x-ray
b. Examining the shape of an organ during an
autopsy
c. Classifying a type of bacterial cell
d. Watching how the pupils react to light
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Review Questions
2. Acromegaly means which of the
following:
a. A large stomach
b. Enlarged extremities
c. An inflamed stomach lining
d. A large acrobat
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Review Questions
3. The process that prevents movement
away from a normal set point is called
a. positive feedback
b. negative feedback
c. vicious cycle
d. control center
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Review Questions
4. In the medical field, science, engineering
and pharmaceutical industries volume is
measured in
a. kilograms
b. liters
c. meters
d. gallons
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Review Questions
5. The cause of a disease is referred to as
the:
a. Prognosis
b. Diagnosis
c. Pathology
d. Etiology
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Review Questions
6. Which of the following is a sign?
a. Nausea
b. Fever
c. Dizziness
d. Fatigue
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Review Questions
7. A man reports to the emergency
department with nausea and vomiting. He
has a fever, and his pulse and blood
pressure are elevated. After some tests, it is
determined that he has the stomach flu.
Which of the following is his prognosis?
a. Rest and drink plenty of fluids
b. A viral infection
c. You’ll be fine in a few days
d. Nausea, vomiting, and fever
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Review Questions
1. Ted’s knee injury occurred at last night’s
football game. Today his doctor wants to
make a small incision and use a device
to “look around the joint” to assess the
damage. What is the term for this
device?____________
2. __________ is the study of the
structures of the body, and
_____________ is the study of the
function of these structures.
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Review Questions
3. Bob has just been told he has
hepatomegaly. This means his _________
is enlarged.
4. Pulse and temperature represent two
____________ signs of the body.
5. Jill is badly injured in a car accident. She is
bleeding badly. Her blood pressure is
dropping rapidly. Her heart beats faster to
try to raise her blood pressure, yet it keeps
dropping due to blood loss. This is an
example of _________.
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Review Questions
1. Explain the difference between diagnosis
and prognosis.
2. Knowing that difficulty swallowing is
called dysphagia, what do you think the
function of a phagocyte is?
3. Contrast negative and positive feedback
loops.
4. Describe one example of homeostasis in
your body.
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Review Questions
5. After saving for 10 years for a ski trip to
the Alps, Jose experienced a spectacular
wipeout on the first run down the
mountain. A broken leg is the diagnosis.
List the symptoms, diagnosis, prognosis
and treatment.
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