实验经济学方法论问题

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西南财经大学实验经济学短期课程“实验的设计和具体操作”专题讲
座
第四讲、运用实验方法进行经济学研究
主讲人:陈叶烽 (北京师范大学经济与工商管理学院)
2011年12月2日
四川 成都
(欢迎讨论, [email protected])
讲解内容
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一、实验经济学方法论的争议
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二、实验经济学能做什么?
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三、在国内进行实验研究的优劣点分析
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四、具体实验研究案例展示之公平的本质研究(结合11月29日听课师生
作为被试参与的实验,需实验完成后补充更新此部分PPT)
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五、具体实验研究案例展示之人类合作之谜研究(结合11月30日听课师
生作为被试参与的实验,需实验完成后补充更新此部分PPT )
一、实验经济学的方法论争议
 1.归根到底经济学研究人的决策行为,但是行为决策如何观察
得到数据呢?
一手数据还是二手数据?:一手数据更容易被接受
蔡洪滨AER论文田野实验
柯荣住关于信任的文章:调查数据
李实老师的调查问卷
其二就是LAB
 2.关于实验经济学的方法论争议:学生作为被试是否有代表性?
是否反映了其真实的世界行为?等等
 3.为何实验论文很少用到计量,或者很少用到复杂的计量方法?
支持派VS质疑派
 质疑派:Henrich et al.(2010)
The weirdest people in the world
Levit and List(2007)
What Do Laboratory Experiments Measuring
Social Preferences Reveal About the Real World?
 支持派:Falk and Heckman(2009)
Lab experiments are a major source of knowledge in the
social sciences
Croson and Gächter (2010)
The science of experimental economics
其他如Simth (2010) Gächter (2010) 等等
实
验
经
济
学
方
法
论
的
争
议
举
例
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实
验
经
济
学
方
法
论
的
争
议
举
例
2
作为一门成熟学科的标志1:实验经济学经典文献的被引次数
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Fehr and Schmidt(1999) Quarterly journal of Economics
A theory of fairness, competition, and cooperation
4160
Rabin (1993) American Economic Review
Incorporating fairness into game theory and economics
2759
Kahneman and Tversky (1979) Econometrica
Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk
19423
Holt and Laury (2002) American Economic Review
Risk aversion and incentive effects
1369
Güth et.al (1982) Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organizations
An experimental analysis of ultimatum bargaining
1847
Berg et.al (1995) Games and Economic Behavior
Trust, reciprocity, and social history
1838
Ledyard (1995) The Handbook of. Experimental Economics
Public goods: A survey of experimental research
1915
作为一门成熟学科的标志2:实验经济学的学术共同体
 学术团体:ESA——using controlled experiments to learn about
economic behavior (1986 Vernon Smith)
 实验经济学期刊:Experimental Economics (1998)
 学术会议:Description
Host
Start Date End Date Type
2010 North-American ESA
University of Arizona and
Conference, Tucson
University of Zurich
2011 Asia-Pacific ESA Conference, University of Nottingham
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Malaysia Campus
2011 International ESA
University of Chicago &
Conference, Chicago, U.S.A.
Purdue University
 经济学实验室
2010-11-11 2010-11-13 Conference
2011-02-11 2011-02-13 Conference
2011-07-07 2011-07-10 Conference
作为一门成熟学科的标志3:实验研究在顶级期刊的发表数
(以AER2011年5期期刊为例)
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Vol. 101, No. 1, February 2011
Is Tiger Woods Loss Averse? Persistent Bias in the Face of Experience,
Competition, and High Stakes (pp. 129-57)
Devin G. Pope and Maurice E. Schweitzer
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The Evolution of Cooperation in Infinitely Repeated Games: Experimental
Evidence (pp. 411-29)
Pedro Dal Bó and Guillaume R. Fréchette
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Vol. 101, No. 2, April 2011
Reference Points and Effort Provision (pp. 470-92)
Johannes Abeler, Armin Falk, Lorenz Goette and David Huffman
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Contracts as Reference Points—Experimental Evidence (pp. 493-525)
Ernst Fehr, Oliver Hart and Christian Zehnder
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The Economics of Credence Goods: An Experiment on the Role of Liability,
Verifiability, Reputation, and Competition (pp. 526-55)
Uwe Dulleck, Rudolf Kerschbamer and Matthias Sutter
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Performance Pay and Multidimensional Sorting: Productivity, Preferences, and
Gender (pp. 556-90)
Thomas Dohmen and Armin Falk
作为一门成熟学科的标志3:实验研究在顶级期刊
的发表数(以AER2011年5期期刊为例)续2
Vol. 101, No. 2, April 2011
 Heterogeneity in Risky Choice Behavior in a Broad Population (pp. 664-94)
Hans-Martin von Gaudecker, Arthur van Soest and Erik Wengstrom
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The Rich Domain of Uncertainty: Source Functions and Their Experimental
Implementation (pp. 695-723)
Mohammed Abdellaoui, Aurélien Baillon, Laetitia Placido and Peter P. Wakker
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Search Dynamics in Consumer Choice under Time Pressure: An Eye-Tracking
Study (pp. 900-926)
Elena Reutskaja, Rosemarie Nagel, Colin F. Camerer and Antonio Rangel
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Coordination in the Presence of Asset Markets (pp. 927-47)
Shimon Kogan, Anthony M. Kwasnica and Roberto A. Weber
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Real-Time Search in the Laboratory and the Market (pp. 948-74)
Meta Brown, Christopher J. Flinn and Andrew Schotter
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Checkmate: Exploring Backward Induction among Chess Players (pp. 975-90)
Steven D. Levitt, John A. List and Sally E. Sadoff
作为一门成熟学科的标志3:实验研究在顶级期刊
的发表数(以AER2011年5期期刊为例)续3
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Vol. 101, No. 2, February 2011
The Willingness to Pay—Willingness to Accept Gap, the "Endowment Effect,"
Subject Misconceptions, and Experimental Procedures for Eliciting Valuations:
Comment (pp. 991-1011)
Andrea Isoni, Graham Loomes and Robert Sugden
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The Willingness to Pay—Willingness to Accept Gap, the "Endowment Effect,"
Subject Misconceptions, and Experimental Procedures for Eliciting Valuations:
Reply (pp. 1012-28)
Charles R. Plott and Kathryn Zeiler
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Stationary Concepts for Experimental 2 X 2 Games: Comment (pp. 1029-40)
Christoph Brunner, Colin F. Camerer and Jacob K. Goeree
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Stationary Concepts for Experimental 2 X 2 Games: Reply (pp. 1041-44)
Reinhard Selten, Thorsten Chmura and Sebastian J. Goerg
作为一门成熟学科的标志3:实验研究在顶级期刊
的发表数(以AER2011年5期期刊为例)续4
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Vol. 101, No. 3, May 2011
Do Residential Customers Respond to Hourly Prices? Evidence from a Dynamic
Pricing Experiment (pp. 83-87)
Frank A. Wolak
Using Field Experiments in Environment and Resource Economics
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Does Market Experience Eliminate Market Anomalies? The Case of Exogenous
Market Experience (pp. 313-17)
John A. List
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The Persistence of Treatment Effects with Norm-Based Policy Instruments:
Evidence from a Randomized Environmental Policy Experiment (pp. 318-22)
Paul J. Ferraro, Juan Jose Miranda and Michael K. Price
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Can Tailored Communications Motivate Environmental Volunteers? A Natural
Field Experiment (pp. 323-28)
Omar Al-Ubaydli and Min Lee
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Using Artefactual Field Experiments to Learn about the Incentives for
Sustainable Forest Use in Developing Economies (pp. 329-33)
Maarten Voors, Erwin Bulte, Andreas Kontoleon, John A. List and Ty Turley
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Teacher Mobility Responses to Wage Changes: Evidence from a Quasi-natural
Experiment (pp. 460-65)
Torberg Falch
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Social Preferences and Fairness Norms as Informal Institutions: Experimental
Evidence (pp. 509-13)
作为一门成熟学科的标志3:实验研究在顶级期刊
的发表数(以AER2011年5期期刊为例)续5
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Vol. 101, No. 4, June 2011
Participation (pp. 1211-37)
Gary Charness and Martin Dufwenberg
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Face Value (pp. 1497-1513)
Catherine C. Eckel and Ragan Petrie
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Group Size and Incentives to Contribute: A Natural Experiment at Chinese
Wikipedia (pp. 1601-15)
Xiaoquan (Michael) Zhang and Feng Zhu
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Corrigendum: Psychological Pressure in Competitive Environments: Evidence
from a Randomized Natural Experiment (page 1636)
Jose Apesteguia and Ignacio Palacios-Huerta
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Vol. 101, No. 5, August 2011
An Experimental Component Index for the CPI: From Annual Computer Data to
Monthly Data on Other Goods (pp. 1707-38)
Tim Erickson and Ariel Pakes
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Vol. 101, No. 5, October 2011
Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Theory and Experimental Evidence from
Kenya (pp. 2350-90)
Esther Duflo, Michael Kremer and Jonathan Robinson
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The Potential of Social Identity for Equilibrium Selection (pp. 2562-89)
Roy Chen and Yan Chen
二、实验经济学能做什么?
 引子
 Gary Charness, Ninghua Du, and Chun-Lei
Yang,2010,“Trust and Trustworthiness
Reputations in an Investment Game”, Games
and Economic Behavior
实验经济学能做什么?
 检验经济学理论
 检验制度或政策的影响
 测度人们的偏好:时间偏好,公平偏好,风
险偏好等等
 为构建新的经济学理论提供经验证据
检验经济学理论示例
检验制度或政策的影响示例
测度人们的偏好示例
实验经济学的研究主题(无法穷尽)
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市场均衡
拍卖实验
行为博弈实验
社会偏好理论
风险决策
信任问题
合作问题
田野实验
社会距离
实验经济学方法论问题
其他如资本市场实验,财政税收等应用性实验
Martin Kocher
Sheheryar Banuri
Joseph Tao-yi Wang
市场均衡
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E.H. Chamberlin (1948), “An Experimental Imperfect Market,” Journal of
Political Economy, 95–108.
Vernon Smith (1962), “An Experimental Study of Competitive Market
Behavior,” Journal of Political Economy, 70, 111-137.
Charles Plott and Shyam Sunder (1982), “Efficiency of Experimental Security
Markets with Insider Information: An Application of Rational–Expectations
Models,” Journal of Political Economy, 90, 663–698.
Robert Forsythe, Thomas Palfrey and Charles Plott (1984), “Futures Markets
and Information Efficiency: A Laboratory Examination,” Journal of Finance,
39, 955–981.7
D. Gode and Shyam Sunder (1993), “Allocative Efficiency of Markets with
Zero–Intelligence Traders: Market as a Partial Substitute for Individual
Rationality,” Journal of Political Economy, 101, 119–137.
Charles Plott (1996), “Rational Individual Behavior in Markets and Social
Choice Processes: The Discovered Preference Hypothesis,” in The Rational
Foundations of Economic Behavior, K. Arrow, E. Colombatto, M. Perlaman
and C. Schmidt (eds) Macmillan and New York: St Martin’s Press, 225–250.
John List (2003) “Does Market Experience Eliminate Market Anomalies,”
Quarterly Journal of Economics, 41–71.
表 1 关于市场均衡的实验经济学研究
实验设计的内容
实验结论
作者
实验目的
实验的经济理论
Chamberlin
(1948)
在不完全竞争市场
下,研究理论市场
和实验市场之间的
平均价格和平均销
售量的差异
在不完全竞争市场
下,实验市场的平均
价格和交易数量应等
于供给曲线和需求曲
线交点所决定的均衡
价格与数量
将学生分为实验双方,参与者自由寻找最好的交易对象。一期的交 在 46 次实验中,实际销售
量有 42 次大于均衡销售
易回合结束之后,买卖双方拿的价格底牌会重新洗牌
量,4 次一样。有 39 次小
于均衡价格。得到价格波
动使得销售量普遍大于均
衡数量的结论。
Smith
(1962)
经由连续的实验游
戏设计来研究,实
验下的工序情形是
否解决市场中由最
低价格所组成的供
需曲线。
实验的商品市场中,
由最低价格组成的供
给和最高价格组成的
需求应接近短期的供
给与需求理论。
将学生分为买方和卖方 2 团体,买卖双方公开喊价,一次性交易一 在 信 息 公 开 时 即 使 人 数
个单位,一期的交易回合结束之后,买方拿的底牌仍是同一张,卖 少,但只要能禁止买卖双
方彼此勾结,就能达到竞
方可在相同的最低价格下获得新的生产数量。
争时的均衡价格。
Hess
(1972)
在不完全竞争市场
下,不完全信息对
市场价格的影响。
信息完全下,实际价
格等于理论价格,信
息不完全下实际价格
高于理论价格。
买卖双方公开喊价,当只有一位买方喊价,和一位卖方接受,即达
成交易,成交价公开写在黑板上,每一回合结束之后,重新交换底
牌。从每一回合的交易中,买卖双方产生学习效果,使交易的均衡
价格产生波动。
Williams
(1987)
利用实验设计所得
到的观察资料,来
检验价格是否可经
由理性预期来形
成。
若市场价格可经由理
性预期模型来预测,
则市场无效率,有套
利空间。
在实验设计的 12 个市场中,除有一个市场有 7 位买方和 7 为卖方 结果显示,实验观察资料
之外,其余市场买卖双方皆为 6 位。其中 9 个市场(100 位参与者) 和有理性预期假设是一致
以双方竞价的方式进行实验。另 3 个市场(36 位参与者)利用作 的。
实验。
Mestelman
研究实验市场下,
公开卖价的均衡价格
公开卖价-双方可在一期开始前 2 分钟作价格决定或 4 分钟前座价
实验结果证明在信息不完
全时平均交易价格会显著
的不同于理论的均衡价
格。但经由学习效果,可
使得预期价格倾向实际价
格。
在事前生产下双向竞价较
市场均衡
行为博弈实验
 Marwell, G. and R. E. Ames, “Experiments on the Provision of Public
Goods. I. Resources, Interest, Group Size, and the Free-rider Problem”,
American Journal of Sociology, 1979, 84(6), 1335–1360.
 Güth, W., R. Schmittberger and B. Schwarze, “An Experimental
Analysis of Ultimatium Bargaining”, Journal of Economic Behavior
and Organization, 1982, 3(4), 367–388.
 Forsythe, R., J. L. Horowitz, N. E. Savin and M. Sefton, “Fairness in
Simple Bargaining Experiments”, Games and Economic Behavior,
1994, 6(3), 347–369.
 Berg, J., J. Dickaut and K. McCabe, “Trust, Reciprocity and Social
History”, Games and Economic Behavior, 1995, 10(1), 122–142.
 Henrich, J., R. Boyd, S. Bowles, C. Camerer, E. Fehr, H. Gintis and R.
McElreath, “In Search of Homo Economicus:Behavioral Experiments
in 15 Small-Scale Societies”, American Economic Review, 2001, 91(2),
73–78.
 Camerer, C., Behavioral Game Theory:Experiments on Strategic
Interaction. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2003, 11, 167–
188.
表 1 几种经典的行为博弈实验
实验类型
实验描述
现实举例
自利模型的均衡解
实验结果
社会偏好
两个实验对象进行囚徒博弈分别有合作和
不合作两个决策,双方博弈的收益支付矩阵
为
合作
囚徒博弈实验
不合作
合作
H,H
S,T
不合作
T,S
L,L
负外部性产品比如环境
污染,噪音等的生产
双方均选择不合作
50%的人选择合作,而
且互相交流机制能有 互惠偏好
效增强合作的频率
其中,H>L,T>H,L>S
最后通牒实验
双人或多人分别扮演提议者和响应者角色
平均分配额在 0.3S 和
提议者分配 x=ε,其中 ε 为
互惠偏好、利
对一财富 S 进行分配方案的选择博弈,提议
0.5S 之间,当 x<0.2S
他偏好、差异
者分配 x 个筹码给对方,如果响应者拒绝则 易腐烂商品的垄断定价 任意小的一个正数,响应者
时大约一半的人会拒
接受该分配额
厌恶偏好
双方受益为 0,如果响应者接受,则提议者
绝
获得 S-x,响应者获得 x
独裁者实验
在最后通牒博弈基础上取消了响应者的拒
绝权利,即独裁者决定对 S 财富的分配,若
慈善的捐赠行为
独裁者分配 x 个筹码给对方,双方收益即决
定为(S-x,x)
第三方惩罚实验
当独裁者给接收者的
在独裁者基础上加入了一个局外者即第三
独裁者照样分配给接受者 分配额小于一定数目
对不公现象的社会谴责
方,该第三方可以对独裁者的分配行为进行
x=0,而第三方不会选择惩 时,第三方会对独裁 利他偏好
和批评
带有成本的惩罚
罚
者进行惩罚,而且分
配数目越小惩罚越大
独裁者分配给接收者 x=0
平均来看独裁者会分
利他偏好
配给接收者 x=0.2S
续表 1 几种经典的行为博弈实验
实验类型
实验描述
现实举例
自利模型的均衡解
实验结果
社会偏好
公共品博弈实验
在一次性匿名实验中
拥有初始禀赋 y 的 n 个实验对象同时对一个
人们会投资 50%的初
公共项目进行投资,投资额为 gi(0≤gi≤y),团队合作,小型社会中
始禀赋,如果实验次 互惠偏好,利
每个实验对象投资额为
此时每人收益为 πi=y-gi+mG,其中 G 为各 的公共产出,共有资源
数增加,则投资额为 他偏好,差异
gi=0
实验对象的投资总额,m 为公共品投资回报 的过度使用等
越来越小,交流机制 厌恶偏好
率
和惩罚机制可以有效
提升合作水平
信任博弈实验
双人分别扮演委托人和代理人角色并拥有
平均上来看实验者会
初始禀赋 S,委托人可以从初始禀赋 S 中选
选择 y=0.5S 投资给代
择投资 y(0≤y≤S)给代理人,代理人自动 没有法律合同的买卖行 委托人选择投资 y=0;代理 理人,而代理人会选 互惠偏好,利
人选择返还 x=0.
获得 3y 后可以选择返还一个 x(0≤x≤3y) 为
择 返 还 一 个 略 小 于 他偏好
给委托人。此时委托人收益为 S-y+x,而代
0.5S 的值给委托人,
理人收益为 S+3y-x
而且 x 与 y 成正比
礼物交换实验
雇主提供给一个工资 w 给雇员,雇员选择
雇员的努力程度和雇
一个工作努力程度 e(1≤e≤10),并付出成
雇员选择最小努力程度即
互惠偏好,利
雇主和雇员的上下关系
主的工资水平成正
本 c(e),此时雇员工作产出效益为 10e,
e=0,而雇主提供最小工资
他偏好
比。
雇主收益为 10e-w,雇员收益为 w-c(e)
社会偏好理论
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Rabin, M., “Incooperating Fairness into Game Theory and Economics”, American
Economic Review, 1993, 83(5), 1281–1302.
Levine, D., “Modeling Altruism and Spitefulness in Experiments”, Review of Economic
Dynamics, 1998, 1(3), 593–622.
Fehr, E. and K. Schmidt, “A Theory of Fairness, Competition, and Cooperation”,
Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1999, 114(3), 817–868.
Bolton, G. E. and A. Ockenfels, “ERC—A Theory of Equity, Reciprocity, and
Competition”, American Economic Review, 2000, 90(1), 166–193.
Andreoni, J., and J. Miller, “Giving According to GARP: An Experimental Test of the
Consistency of Preferences for Altruism”, Econometrica, 2002, 70(2), 737–753.
Charness, G. and M. Rabin, “Understanding Social Preferences with Simple Tests”,
Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2002, 117(3), 817–869.
Dufwenberg, M. and G. Kirchsteiger, “A Theory of Sequential Reciprocity”, Games and
Economic Behavior, 2004, 47(2), 268–298.
Sobel, J., “Interdependent Preferences and Reciprocity”, Journal of Economic Literature,
2005, 43(2), 392–436.
Falk, A. and U. Fischbacher, “A Theory of Reciprocity”, Games and Economic Behavior,
2006, 54(2), 293–315.
Fehr, E and K. Schmidt, “Theories of Fairness and Reciprocity: Evidence and Economic
Applications”, in: M. Dewatripont, L.P. Hansen, S. Turnovski, Advances in Economic
Theory, Eigth World Congress of the Econometric Society, Vol. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2003, 208–257.
Fowler, J., “Altruism and Turnout”, Journal of Politics, 2006, 68(3), 674–683.
社会偏好理论各模型关系图
不平等厌恶模型
Fehr/Schmidt (1999)
Bolton/Ockenfels (2000)
Falk /
Fischbacher
(2006)
Kohler
(2003)
社会福利
模型
Andreoni/
Miller (2002)
Charness
/Rabin
(2002)
互利模型
Rabin(1993)
Dufwenberg/
Kirchsteiger
(2004)
拍卖实验








Kagel JH and Levin D (1986), "The Winner's Curse and Public Information in
Common Value Auctions", American Economic Review, 76, 894-920.
John Kagel, (1995), “Auctions: A Survey of Experimental Research,” in
Handbook of Experimental Economics, edited by J. Kagel and A. Roth,
Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 501-535.
Klemperer P (1998), "Auctions with Almost Common Values: The 'Wallet
Game' and its applications" European Economic Review, 42, 757-769.
Kagel, J. and Levin, D. (1999), “Common Value Auctions with Insider
Information,” Econometrica, Vol. 67, No. 5. pp. 1219-1238.
Goeree, Holt and Palfrey (2002), “Quantal Response Equilibrium and
Overbidding in Private-Value Auctions,” Journal of Economic Theory, 104(1),
247-272
Abbink K et al (2005), "An Experimental Test of Design Alternatives for the
British 3G/UMTS Auction", European Economic Review, 49, 505-530.
Crawford and Nagore Iriberri (2007), “Level-k Auctions: Can a NonEquilibrium Model of Strategic Thinking Explain the Winner's Curse and
Overbidding in Private-Value Auctions?,” Econometrica 75(6), 1721–1770.
Goeree and Holt (2007), “Hierarchical Package Bidding: A Paper &
Pencil Combinatorial Auction”, Games and Economic Behavior, forthcoming.
风险决策
 Holt, Charles and Susan Laury, 2002, “Risk Aversion and
Incentive Effects,” American Economic Review, 92-5, 16441655
 Harrison, Glenn, Eric Johnson, Melayne Mcinnes and Elisabet
Rutstrom, 2005, “Risk Aversion and Incentive Effects: Comment,”
American Economic Review, 95-3, 897-901
 Holt, Charles and Susan Laury, 2005, “Risk Aversion and
Incentive Effects: New Data without Order Effects” American
Economic Review, 95-3, 902-904
 Carlsson, F., D., Daruvala, and O. Johansson-Stenman, 2005, Are
people nequality-averse, or just risk-averse? Economica, 72: 375396.
 Cohen, Alma, and Liran Einav, 2007, “Estimating Risk
Preferences from Deductible Choice.” American Economic
Review, 97(3): 745–88.
风险偏好的测度
表 2:实验 1 中的 10 对彩票选择
选项 A
序号
您的选择
彩票收益
选项 B
您的选择
彩票收益
1
1/10 的概率获得 2.00 元,
9/10 的概率获得 1.60 元
1/10 的概率获得 3.85 元,
9/10 的概率获得 0.10 元
2
2/10 的概率获得 2.00 元,
8/10 的概率获得 1.60 元
2/10 的概率获得 3.85 元,
8/10 的概率获得 0.10 元
3
3/10 的概率获得 2.00 元,
7/10 的概率获得 1.60 元
3/10 的概率获得 3.85 元,
7/10 的概率获得 0.10 元
4
4/10 的概率获得 2.00 元,
6/10 的概率获得 1.60 元
4/10 的概率获得 3.85 元,
6/10 的概率获得 0.10 元
5
5/10 的概率获得 2.00 元,
5/10 的概率获得 1.60 元
5/10 的概率获得 3.85 元,
5/10 的概率获得 0.10 元
6
6/10 的概率获得 2.00 元,
4/10 的概率获得 1.60 元
6/10 的概率获得 3.85 元,
4/10 的概率获得 0.10 元
7
7/10 的概率获得 2.00 元,
3/10 的概率获得 1.60 元
7/10 的概率获得 3.85 元,
3/10 的概率获得 0.10 元
8
8/10 的概率获得 2.00 元,
2/10 的概率获得 1.60 元
8/10 的概率获得 3.85 元,
2/10 的概率获得 0.10 元
9
9/10 的概率获得 2.00 元,
1/10 的概率获得 1.60 元
9/10 的概率获得 3.85 元,
1/10 的概率获得 0.10 元
10
10/10 的概率获得 2.00
元,
0/10 的概率获得 1.60
10/10 的概率获得 3.85
元,
0/10 的概率获得 0.10
信任问题







Berg, Joyce E.; Dickhaut, John W. and McCabe, Kevin F., 1995, “Trust,
Reciprocity, and Social History.” Games and Economic Behavior, 10, pp. 12242.
Glaeser, Edward L.; Laibson, David I.; Scheinkman, Jose A. and Soutter,
Christine L. 2000, "Measuring Trust." Quartery Journal of Economics, 115, pp.
811-46.
Cox, J., 2004, “How to Identify Trust and Reciprocity”, Games and Economic
Behavior, 46, pp.260~281.
Gächter, S., Herrmann, B. and Thöni, C., 2004, “Trust, voluntary cooperation,
and socio-economic background: survey and experimental evidence”, Journal of
Economic Behavior and Organization, 55(4), pp.505~531.
Holm, H. J. and A. Danielson, 2005, “Tropic Trust versus Nordic Trust:
Experimental Evidence From Tanzania And Sweden”, The Economic Journal,
115(503), 505–532.
Karlan, D., 2005, “Using Experimental Economics to Measure Social Capital
and Predict Financial Decisions”, American Economic Review, 95(5), pp. 16881699.
Bouma, J., Bulte, E., and Soest, V.D., 2008, “Trust and Cooperation: Social
Capital and Community Resource Management”, Journal of Environmental
Economics and Management, 56, pp.155~166.
信任问题
Trust and Trustworthiness
合作问题














Marwell, G. and Ames, R.E. Experiments on the Provision of Public Goods. I. Resources, Interest, Group Size,
and the Free-rider Problem, American Journal of Sociology, 1979, 84(6):1335–1360
Isaac, R.M. and J. M. Walker, “Group Size Effects in Public Goods Provision: the Voluntary Contributions
Mechanism”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1988, 103(1), 179–200.
Andreoni, J. Why Free Ride? Strategies and Learning in Public Goods Experiments, Journal of Public
Economics, 1988, 37:291–304
Ledyard, J. Public Goods: A Survey of Experimental Research, in Handbook of Experimental Economics, eds.
J. Kagel and A. Roth, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1995
Fehr, E. and S. Gächter, “Cooperation and Punishment in Public Goods Experiments”, American Economic
Review, 2000a, 90(4), 980–994.
Fehr, E. and Gächter, S. Altruistic Punishment in Humans, Nature, 2002, 415:137–140
Andreoni, J., Harbaugh, W. and Vesterlund, L. The Carrot or the Stick: Rewards, Punishments and Cooperation,
American Economic Review, 2003, 93:893–902
Sefton, M., Shupp, R. and Walker, J. The Effect of Rewards and Sanctions in Provision of Public Goods,
Economic Inquiry,2007, 45(4):671-690
Carpenter, J. Punishing Free-Riders: How Group Size Affects Mutual Monitoring and the Provision of Public
Goods, Games and Economic Behavior, 2007a, 60:31–51
Carpenter, J. The Demand for Punishment, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2007b,
62(4):522–542
Nikiforakis, N. S., “Punishment and Counter-punishment in Public Goods Games: Can we Still Govern
Ourselves?”, Journal of Public Economics, 2008, 92(1-2), 91–112.
Nikiforakis, N. S. and H.T. Normann, “A Comparative Statics Analysis of Punishment in Public Goods
Experiments”, Experimental Economics, 2008, 11(4): 358–369.
Andreoni, J. and Croson, R. Partners versus Strangers: Random Rematching in Public Goods Experiments, in:
C. R. Plott and V. L. Smith, eds., Handbook of Experimental Economics Results, Elsevier, The Netherlands,
2008
Ananish Chaudhuri, “Sustaining cooperation in laboratory public goodsexperiments: a selective survey of the
literature”, Experimental Economics, 2011, 14: 47–83
合作问题
合作问题
表 2 个体的异质性类型
条件性合作者
搭便车者
倒 U 型合作者
其它类型
Fischbacher et al.(2001)
50.0% (22/44)
29.6% (13/44)
13.6% (6/44)
6.8% (3/44)
Fischbacher and Gachter (2006)
55.0% (77/140)
22.9% (32/140)
12.1% (17/140)
10.0% (14/140)
本文
50.0% (107/214)
22.9% (49/214)
14.0% (30/214)
13.1% (28/214)
田野实验










Harrison, Glenn W., Morten Igel Lau, E. Elisabet Rutström and Melonie B. Williams, 2002, “Estimating Individual
Discount Rates in Denmark: A Field Experiment,” American Economic Review 92:5 (December), 1606-1617.
Harrison, Glenn W. and John A. List, 2004, "Field Experiments," Journal of Economic Literature, 42(4), pp. 1009-1055.
Carpenter, Jeffrey, Glenn Harrison, and John List, 2005 ” Field Experiments in Economics: An Introduction,” In: J.
Carpenter, G. W. Harrison & J. A. List (Eds), Field Experiments in Economics. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, Research in
Experimental Economics,Vol. 10: 1-15.
Harrison, Glenn W., 2005, ” Field Experiments and Control,” In: J. Carpenter, G. W. Harrison & J. A. List (Eds), Field
Experiments in Economics. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, Research in Experimental Economics,Vol. 10: 17-50.
Benz, Matthias, and Stephan Meier, 2006, “Do People Behave in Experiments as in Real Life? Evidence from
Donations,” Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, University of Zurich, Working Paper 248.
List, John A, 2006, "Field Experiments: A Bridge between Lab and Naturally Occurring Data," The B.E. Journal of
Economic Analysis & Policy, 6(2 - Advances), Article 8.
Levitt, Steven D. and List, John A., 2007, “What Do Laboratory Experiments Measuring Social Preferences Reveal
About the Real World?” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21(2), 153-174.
List, John A. and David Reiley, 2008, "Field Experiments," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Steven N.
Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume, eds., Palgrave Macmillan Publishing,
List, John A. and Michael K. Price, 2009, "The Role of Social Connections in Charitable Fundraising: Evidence from A
Natural Field Experiment," Journal of Economic Behavior andOrganization, 69(2), pp. 160-169.
Levitt, Steven D. and John A. List, 2009,“Field Experiments in Economics: the Past, the Present, and the Future,"
European Economic Review, 53(1), pp. 1-18.
Levitt, Steven D., John A. List, and David Reiley, 2010, “What Happens in the Field Stays in the Field: Professionals Do
Not Play Minimax in Laboratory Experiments,” Econometrica, 78(4), pp. 1413-1434
社会距离





Hoffman, E., K. McCabe, K. Shachat, and V. Smith. ―Preferences, Property
Rights and Anonymity in Bargaining Games. Games and Economic Behavior,
1994, 7(3), pp. 346-380.
Hoffman, E., K. McCabe, and V. Smith. ―Social Distance and Other-Regarding
Behavior in Dictator Games. American Economic Review, 1996, , pp. 653-660.
Bohnet, Iris and Bruno S. Frey. ―Social Distance and Other-Regarding
Behavior in Dictator Games: Comment. American Economic Review, 1999,
89(1), pp. 335-339.
Bolton, Gary E. and Rami Zwick. ―Anonymity versus Punishment in
Ultimatum Bargaining. Games and Economic Behavior, 1995, 10(1), pp. 95-121.
Bohnet, Iris and Frey, B. ―The Sound of Silence in Prisoner’s Dilemma and
Dictator Games. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization,1999, 38(1),
pp. 43-57.
实验经济学方法论问题








Smith, V.L., 1976, “Experimental Economics: Induced Value Theory”,
American Economic Review, 66(2), 274-279.
Uri, Gneezy, 2005, “Deception: The Role of Consequences.” American
Economic Review, 95, pp. 384.
Zizzo, Daniel J., 2008, “Experimenter Demand Effects in Economic
Experiments” SSRN eLibrary.
Annamaria, Fiore, 2009, “Experimental Economics: Some Methodological
Notes”,working paper
Binmore, K. & Shaked, A., 2010, “Experimental economics: Where next?”,
Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 73(1), 87-100.
Cleave, B. L., N. Nikiforakis, and R. Slonim., 2010, “Is There Selection Bias in
Laboratory Experiments?”, Economics Working Paper Series. University of
Sidney: Sidney.
Jordi Brandts, Gary Charness, 2011, “The strategy versus the direct-response
method: a first survey of experimental comparisons” ,Experimental Economics,
14:375–398
Gary Charnessa, Uri Gneezyb, Michael A. Kuhnc, 2012, “Experimental
methods: Between-subject and within-subject design”, Journal of Economic
Behavior & Organization, 81, pp.1–8
资本市场实验(行为金融)










Vernon L. Smith, G. Suchanek, & Arlington Williams,(1988), “Bubbles, Crashes and
Endogenous Expectations in Experimental Spot Asset Markets”, Econometrica 56, pgs.
1119-1151
Shlomo Benartzi and Richard H. Thaler (1995), “Myopic Loss Aversion and the Equity
Premium Puzzle,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110, 73–92. 9
Uri Gneezy, Arie Kapteyn and Jan Potters (2003), “Evaluation periods and asset prices in
a market experiment,” Journal of Finance, LVIII, 821–837.
Peter Bossaerts and Charles Plott (2004), “Basic Principles of Asset Pricing Theory:
Evidence from Large-Scale Experimental Financial Markets,” Review of Finance, 8,
135–169.
Michael Haigh and John List (2005), “Do Professional Traders Exhibit Myopic Loss
Aversion? An Experimental Analysis,” Journal of Finance, LX, 523–534.
Bossaerts, Plott and Zame (2007), “Prices and Portfolio Choices in Financial Markets:
Theory, Econometrics, Experiments,” Econometrica, 75 (4), 993–1038.
Snowberg, Wolfers and Zitzewitz (2007), “Partisan Impacts on the Economy: Evidence
from Prediction Markets and Close Elections,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(2),
807-829.
Hussam, Porter and Smith (2008), “Thar' She Blows: Rekindling Bubbles with
Experienced Subjects,” American Economic Review, 98(3), 924-937.
Noussair, Charles, Richter, Gregers, and Tyran, Jean-Robert (2008): “Money Illusion and
Nominal Inertia in Experimental Asset Markets”, working paper, Tilburg University.
Plott, Charles and Noussair, Charles: “Bubbles in Asset Markets: Common Knowledge
Failure or Confusion?” In: Handbook of Experimental Economic Results, C. Plott and V.
三、在国内进行实验研究的优劣点分析
 1.有关中国样本的实验研究(外文)
 2.研究分两大类:地上走的和天上飞的
 3.我们属于非主流的虚无缥缈派:投入多代
价大产出少,因为汪老师不太喜欢应用性很
强的题目
1.有关中国样本的实验研究
1.有关中国样本的实验研究续2
1.有关中国样本的实验研究续3
1.有关中国样本的实验研究续4
1.有关中国样本的实验研究续5
1.有关中国样本的实验研究续6
1.有关中国样本的实验研究续7
2.劣势
 实验经费问题:申请各种课题较为困难
 实验硬件问题:实验室的建设
 研究团队问题:实验研究一个人很难做或者
单枪匹马会很累,往往需要团队配合,而团
队是很难建立的,因为做实验的人还比较少
3.优势
 尚处于起步阶段,相对学术竞争不是很激烈
 中国特色的主题可以近水楼台
2005年至2011年国内三大期刊目前已发表的相关实验经济
学论文(在参考 西南财大凌晨等老师统计基础上补充修改)










高鸿桢、林嘉永, 2005,《信息不对称资本市场的实验研究》,《经济研
究》第2期
黄涛,2005:《拍卖投标中的卖方干扰策略分析》,《经济研究》第7期
林树、俞乔、汤震宇、周建,2006:《投资者“热手效应”与“赌徒谬误”
的心理实验研究》,《经济研究》 第8期
周黎安、张维迎、顾全林,2006:《信誉的价值:以网上拍卖交易为例 》,
《经济研究》第12期
朱宪辰、李妍绮、曾华翔,2008,不完美信息下序贯决策行为的一项实验考
察——关于羊群行为的贝叶斯模型实验检验,《经济研究》第6期
周业安、宋紫峰,2008:《公共品的自愿供给机制: 一项实验研究》,《经
济研究》第7期
陈叶烽,2009:《亲社会性行为及其社会偏好的分解》,《经济研究》第12
期
林树、俞乔,2010:《有限理性、动物精神及市场崩溃:对情绪波动与交易
行为的实验研究》,《经济研究》第8期
陈叶烽、周业安、宋紫峰,2011:《人们关注的是分配动机还是分配结果—
—最后通牒实验视角下两种公平观的考察》,《经济研究》第6期
周业安、宋紫峰,2011:《社会偏好、信息结构和合同选择——多代理人的
委托代理实验研究》,《经济研究》第11期
2005年至2011年国内三大期刊目前已发表的相关实验经济
学论文(在参考 西南财大凌晨等老师统计基础上补充修改)
 伍利娜、陆正飞,2005:《企业投资行为与融资结构的关系——
基于一项实验研究的发现》,《管理世界》第4期
 攀登、施东晖、宋铮,2008:《证券市场泡沫的生成机理分析—
—基于宝钢权证自然实验的实证研究》,《管理世界》第4期
 万迪昉、罗小黔、杨再惠、张学林,2008:《不同决策权配置对
组织行为模式演进影响的实验研究》,《管理世界》第11期
 陈叶烽、叶航、汪丁丁,2010:《信任水平的测度及其对合作的
影响——来自一组实验微观数据的证据》,《管理世界》第4期
 金立印,2009:《企业声誉、行业普及率与服务保证有效性——
消费者响应视角的实验研究》,《管理世界》第7期
 龚强,2009:《消费者谈判能力与厂商标价策略——模型及基于
实验经济学的检验》,《经济学季刊》第4期
 李晓义、李建标,2009:《不完备市场的多层次治理——基于比
较制度实验的研究》,《经济学季刊》第4期
 李晓义、李维安、 李建标、郑巴音,2010:《首位晋升与末位淘
汰机制的实验比较》,《经济学季刊》第4期
四、具体实验研究案例展示之公平的本质研究
 在听课师生参加完11月29日的实验之后再更
新补充这部分PPT
五、具体实验研究案例展示之人类合作之谜研究
 在听课师生参加完11月30日的实验之后再更
新补充这部分PPT
彩蛋:可能有用的经验——做一个“许三多”

多看:文献是研究者的生命
Elsevier+Jstor+个人主页
http://www.scirus.com
多看工作论文(SSRN+ NBER)
Google Scholar用被引研读文献
主要文献精读次要文献简读不能面面俱到

多做:经济学是踏踏实实一步一步做出来的
下载AER、RES等期刊文章运用Supplementary material重新做一
遍文中的主要图和表 e.g CHEN et al.(2010)

多问:直接和文献作者进行沟通是解决问题的最好途径
彩蛋:学术研究心态问题
 不孝有三 读博为大
 学术作为生命 VS 学术作为生存
 高校学术生存环境的现状
 坚定方向 义无反顾
 心理问题:不能太抑郁太肥胖
The End
Thanks for Your Attentions!
Discussion?