Aeronautical Decision Making
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Transcript Aeronautical Decision Making
AF 202
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Objectives
Intro
Decision Making
Risk Assessment
Hazardous Attitudes
Hazard Detection
DECIDE model
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ADM
Aeronautical Decision Making
A systematic approach to risk
assessment and stress management
Helps us understand how personal attitudes
influence decision making
Helps us see how we can modify those
attutudes
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ADM
Progress is being made to improve
aircraft equipment and systems along
with pilot services.
However the human factor of flight
remains the same
80% of all aviation accidents are
attributed to the human factor
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Percentage of Accidents
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Judgment
The FAA believes that good judgment is
something you can be taught not just a
by-product of experience
Do you think it is possible to be taught
good judgment?
If so, what can prevent someone from
being taught good judgment?
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Decision Making
How to improve your decision making
Identify personal attitudes hazardous to safe
flying
Learn behavior modification techniques
Learning how to recognize and cope with
stress
Developing risk assessment skills
Having the ability to evaluate your ADM
skills (self honesty)
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Risk Assessment
The two defining elements of ADM are
hazard and risk
Hazard being the condition, event or
circumstance encountered
Risk is the assessment of the
seriousness of that hazard
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Risk Assessment
Pilots can come to different
assessments of the same hazard
Pilot experience
Pilot training
Pilot attitude
It is not a guarantee that a, say, less
experienced pilot will always underasses a hazard. The pilot could think it
more serious than it really is
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Hazardous Attitudes
One of the first risks is pilot attitude
The FAA groups 5 hazardous attitudes
Hazardous attitudes are not as easily
dealt with by just reading a book. WHY?
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Hazardous Attitudes
Some of these attitudes may be
temporary due to a ‘bad day’
However much of the danger behind
hazardous attitudes is because they can
be rooted in our mentality, personality,
and cultural influence
This makes identification very personal
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Hazardous Attitude
Anti – Authority
Don’t like anyone telling you what to do
Thinks the rules are silly or unnecessary
You always question authority
Subtly can be present simply by the easy
lack of respect of persons in authority
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Hazardous Attitudes
Risk
Ignore rules meant for safety or reasons that
you may not know about
Won’t take seriously the lessons or wisdom
taught by those in authority which could help
you in the end
In reality, if it doesn’t kill you or get you
in trouble, it will probably get you fired
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Hazardous Attitude
Impulsivity
Impulsive shopping may leave you with
credit card debt, but impulsive flying could
leave you DEAD!
Reacting to situations without thinking about
them
Assessment of the seriousness of the risk is
usually wrong
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Hazardous Attitudes
Risk
If you over-react to a non-serious risk you
could make a non-serious situation more
serious
Improper assessment could lead you to the
wrong action for the situation
You basically are ignoring what you have
been taught. All wisdom goes out the
window
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Hazardous Attitudes
Invulnerability
False sense of security
All that ‘stuff’ happens to other people
Could be an over estimation of your ability
○ “It happens to them because they’re idiots”
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Hazardous Attitudes
Risk
Too relaxed on procedures and
precautionary actions (i.e. clearing turns,
position reporting)
Not fully prepared when a situation actually
does happen to you
A better chance you’ll take more foolish risks
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Hazardous Attitudes
Macho
The pilot disease
Prove yourself to others or just to get
attention (or impress a girl so you can have
a valentines date)
Think you need to be better than everyone
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Hazardous Attitudes
Risk
You do stupid stuff!!
The desire to be better, to be liked, to
impress, to be recognized, to be applauded
by other people can be stronger than your
reason if left unchecked
It can backfire on you quick
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Hazardous Attitudes
Resignation
Give up because “what’s the use? I can’t
make a difference.”
It’s all based on luck, karma, the alignment
of the stars anyway
Leave the response to the situation up to
others
You don’t question others when you should
just because you are a ‘nice guy.’
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Hazardous Attitudes
Risk
A fixable situation never gets fixed
Other people do things they shouldn’t
because you were to ‘nice’ to confront them
You are really an ineffective pilot because
the majority of training is not so you can stay
level, but deal with hazardous situation.
○ After all a computer can stay level so why do
we need you?
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Operational Pitfalls
Honestly, though most issues are not
able to be summed up by 5 attitudes
and many issues are a combination of
them
Operational pitfalls are classic
behavioral traps which pilots often fall
into (Can you see which hazardous
attitudes come into play?)
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Operational Pitfalls
Peer Pressure
An emotional response to what others think
about you
Mind Set
Inability to recognize or cope with changes
that are different from anticipated or planned
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Operational Pitfalls
Get-There-Itis
Fixation on the goal or destination impairs
good judgment and disregards any
alternative course of action (like not going!)
Duck-Under Syndrome
“Sneak a peek” by ducking under minimums
on an approach because you assume there
is a ‘fudge’ factor for obstacle clearance
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Operational Pitfalls
Scud Running
Pushing pilot and aircraft limits trying to
maintain visual contact with terrain while
trying to avoid it
Continuing VFR into IFR
Just stupid (especially if not Instrument
rated)
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Operational Pitfalls
Getting behind the aircraft
Allowing the situation to control you instead
of controlling the situation
Constantly surprised. moments of blank
thought since you don’t know what to do
Lost of situation awareness
Like getting behind the aircraft but
specifically related to keeping track of where
you are
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Operational Pitfalls
Operating without adequate fuel reserve
Simply ignoring the rules so you don’t have
to stop for refuel and can stretch it that
“extra mile.”
Flying outside the envelope
Flying a little overweight or a little out of CG
range. After all there is probably ‘fudge
factor’ built in.
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Operational Pitfalls
Neglect flight planning/preflight
Is the plane really safe?
Do you really know where you’re going
Are you really prepared for what could
happen?
Is the weather really going to cooperate?
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PAVE Checklist
P for Pilot
Am I ready for this trip?
Mentally – Hazardous Attitudes, stress
Physically – IMSAFE checklist
Experientially – Do I meet proper currency
requirements
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PAVE Checklist
A for Aircraft
Am I familiar with this aircraft
Is it equipped properly and functioning
Do I have the proper runway length
It is weighted properly
Can it make it high enough to clear all
obstacles or terrain?
Is the plane properly and sufficiently fueled
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PAVE Checklist
V for enVironment
Current weather here, enroute, and at
destination
Will a slight change in un-forecasted
weather be hazardous
Am I comfortable with the weather situations
I could encounter
Can I handle the terrain I am over
Do I know all I can about the airport
Do I know all airspace I may encounter
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PAVE Checklist
E for External Pressures
Job pressures (don’t disappoint the
passenger)
Desire to prove yourself or impress
Personal goal
Pride to meet a challenge that may be
above your experience level
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ADM
While making decisions is often an
automatic process, knowing whether
you have the proper thought process is
important
Without knowing your thought process
you can easily be led into impulsivity
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ADM
The DECIDE model with an engine
failure during cruise flight
Detect…that something has changed
Hey my engine has failed on me, that is
different than it was before
Most people get this part
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ADM
Estimate…the severity of the situation
and a need to react
I think my engine being failed is pretty
serious and something should be done
about it
Again this is usually obvious to people
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ADM
Choose…a desirable outcome
What would be the best outcome to this
engine failure?
Most students show, by their actions, that
the best outcome is to land in a field
Wouldn’t the best outcome be that the
engine starts again???
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ADM
Identify…necessary actions to reach the
desired outcome previously discussed
If you want the engine to start, do the engine
restart procedure, not look for a field
In all honestly this procedure in a 172 takes
7 seconds (assuming you know the engine
restart procedure)
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ADM
Do…the actions you just identified as
necessary
So do the engine restart procedure
Evaluate…The effects of the actions
Hey the engine started so we’re ok, maybe I
should go home though
Hey the engine is still dead, go back to
Choose
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ADM
While this may seem silly, it is to prove a
point. That point being…THINK!!
What outcome is best and if it is in your
power to do something about it, then DO
IT!
If that outcome does not happen then
what is second best.
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