Transcript lipson
Machines that Make machines Hod Lipson Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Computing & Information Science Cornell University Cornell University College of Engineering Computational Synthesis Lab http://ccsl.mae.cornell.edu The two meta-challenges of Engineering: 1. Design a machines that can design other machines 2. Make a machine that can make other machines Machines that Design Machines Lipson & Pollack, Nature 406, 2000 Need more design space FabLab in a box • Fablabers are distinguished by disciplinary desegregation • Lots of machines can make parts of other machines • Is there a universal fabricator? – Top down approaches – Bottom up approaches Printable Machines The Universal Fabricator On a single machine • Make arbitrary shapes / structure – preassembled mechanisms and parts • Make arbitrary circuits – Sensing, processing, power and actuation • Achieve large range of functionalities – Use large range of materials • Increase design space – Afforded by co-fabrication Analog vs. Digital Threaded Rod ~30V, DC-10kHz Linear Motor PIEZO-ACTUATOR Material Fluid Reservoir Syringe Barrel Plunger Material Fluid Reservoir >250um ~100um ol To Mo n tio Deposition via Syringe Extruder Tool Continuous paths Volume Fill o To lM oti on Deposition via Ink-Jet High-resolution patterning, mixing Thin films (60nm) Printed Active Materials Some of our printed electromechanical / biological components: (a) elastic joint (b) zinc-air battery (c) metalalloy wires, (d) IPMC actuator, (e) polymer field-effect transistor, (f) thermoplastic and elastomer parts, (g) cartilage cell-seeded implant in shape of sheep meniscus from CT scan. With Evan Malone Zinc-Air Batteries With Megan Berry IPMC Actuators Multi-material 3D Printer CAT Scan Sterile Cartridge Printed Agarose Meniscus Cell Impregnated Alginate Hydrogel Direct 3D Print after 20 min. With Larry Bonassar, Daniel Cohen The Universal Fabricator: Parallel to the Universal Computer • In the 60’s, a computer – – – – – Cost > $100,000 Size: Refrigerator Speed: Hours/job Operation: Trained staff Usability: Maintenance intensive Digital PDP-11, 1969 • Today: – Faster, cheaper, better, easier Stratasys FDM Vantage, 2005 Exponential Growth RP Machine Sales Source: Wohlers Associates, 2004 report Critical Mass • The computer took off when it infiltrated the home market • Solved the chicken and egg problem: – People were motivated to write software for their own needs because there was available hardware – People were motivated to buy hardware because there was software to run on it The First Home Computer • ALTAIR 8800 microcomputer kit (1975) – $397 (2MHz, 256 bytes RAM) Generally credited with launching the PC revolution Fab@Home Low cost, hackable, fablabable, open source Bottom-up Fabrication Self-assembling machines Modular Robotics: high complexity, do not scale in size • Fukuda et al: CEBOT, 1988 • Yim et al: PolyBot, 2000 • Chiang and Chirikjian, 1993 • Murata et al: Fracta, 1994 Whitesides et al, 1998 Winfree et al, 1998 Murata et al, 2000 Jørgensen et al: ATRON, 2004 Rus et al, 1998, 2001 Stochastic Systems: scale in size, limited complexity Zykov & Lipson, 2005 Dynamically Programmable Self Assembly Construction Sequence High Pressure Low Pressure Construction Sequence Construction Sequence Construction Sequence Construction Sequence Construction Sequence Reconfiguration Sequence Reconfiguration Sequence Implementation 2 Inside of the cube: • Servoactuated valves • Basic Stamp II controller • Central fluid manifold • Communicatio n, power transmission lines Embossed fluid manifold Hermaphroditic interface Orifices for fluid flow With Paul White, Victor Zykov Implementation 2: Fluidic Bonding Movie accelerated x16 With Paul White, Victor Zykov 300 µm a) t = 18.8 s b) t = 19.3 s c) t = 19.5 s d) t = 19.7 s e) t = 4.9 s f) t = 8.6 s g) t = 14.3s h) t = 15.6s Figure 5. Assembly and Disassembly of 500 μm Silicon Tiles on PDMS Substrate With David Erickson, Mike Tolley Conclusions • • Universal Designer Universal fabricator – Makes shapes, circuits, sensors, actuators, energy & information processing • Top-down approach – Printable machines • Bottom-Up approach – Dynamical self–assembly Cornell University College of Engineering Computational Synthesis Lab http://ccsl.mae.cornell.edu Credits Viktor Zykov Evan Malone Daniel Cohen Also: Paul White, David Erickson Mike Tolley