Transcript 26 Protozoa
Protozoa
Chapter 26
Characteristics of Protists
Have
nucleus i.e. eukaryote
Lack tissue differentiation
Unicellular
Move independently
Ocean, fresh water, crawl in soil (some water)
Heterotrophic
Food vacuoles break down particles
Both
free-living and parasitic
Zooplankton - Primary source of energy
for organisms in ecosystem
Reproduction
Asexually
binary fission – produce one identical
organisms
multiple fission – produce several identical
organisms
Sexually
– conjugation
Binary fission
Multiple fission
Conjugation
1. Paramecia pair up
2. Macronuclei disntegrate & micronuclei
undergo meiosis
3. All but one micronuclei disintegrates.
It undergoes mitosis.
4. Each paramecium exchange 1
micronuclei
5. Micronuclei fuse
6. Paramecia separate and
marconucleus re-form
Adaptations
– localized region of pigment that
detects light variations in the environment
Eyespot
– a hardened external covering that
stops all metabolic activity when organism
is outside of host to survive in harsh
environments
Cyst
e.g. nutrient deficient, drought, decrease
oxygen, or pH/temp changes
4 phyla – named for type of
movement (locomotion)
1. Ciliophora
Ciliates
Zoothamnium
2. Sporazoa
sporozoans
Plasmodium
phyla cont’
3. Zoomastigina
Zooglagellates
4. Sarcodina
sarcodines
Amoeba proteus
Trichomonas vaginalis
Phylum Sarcodina
Movement:Pseudopodia
– “false feet” -
cytoplasmic extensions
Ex: Amoebas inhabit fresh/salt water, and soil
Endoplasm – inner portion of the cytoplasm
Ectoplasm – outer layer
Ameboid movement powered by Cytoplasmic
streaming – internal flowing of a cell’s
cytoplasm
Eating (heterotophic)
Phagocytosis – engulf other protists
Endocytosis – when membrane surrounds and
pinches together into food vacuole
Exocytosis – when undigested food exits the
cell
Contractile vacuole – organelle that expels
fluid from cell b/c hypertonic to environment
*remember – water moves from high
concentration to lower – hypertonic is high
solute concentration relative to environment
Amoeba
Amoeba
Movement & eating
BEST one - http://www.mikrofaunavideos.de/videos.php?lang=en&id=amoeba&PHP
SESSID=d48af6fdb76a70938e775b3af8bb2d7b
http://www.kent.k12.wa.us/staff/timlynch/sci_class
/chap09/lesson_protista/Amoeba%20Move.html
http://www.microscopyuk.net/coppermine/displayimage.php?album=82&
pos=0
Variations
– ancient, live in oceans
with shelled protective covering – tests
Radiolarians – ancient, live in shallow
waters
Tests sink to bottom and build up layers of
sediment
Foraminifera
E.g. White Cliffs of Dover, England
White Cliffs of Dover, England
300 foot cliffs made from tests of
foraminifera and radiolarians
FYI
Sediment
can accumulate as slowly as 0.1
millimeter (0.04 inch) per 1,000 years (in
the middle of the ocean where only windblown material is deposited) to as fast as 1
meter (3.25 feet) per year along
continental margins. More typical deepsea rates are on the order of several
centimeters per 1,000 years.
Foraminifera/Radiolarians
Human disease
Amebic
dysentery – sometimes fatal
Enters from contaminated food and water
Enzymes break down intestinal wall
Phylum Ciliophora
– cilia
ex: paramecium lives in fresh/salt water
ponds & slow moving streams
Eat: bacteria & algae
Reproduce: Asexual – binary fission
followed by sexual – conjugation –
offspring genetically different (page 515)
Movement
Paramecia
Contractile vacuole operation
Food vacuole
Phylum Zoomastigina
Movement:
flagella in lakes & ponds
Ex: Giardia lamblia
Eat small organisms
Live in blood of fish, amphibians reptiles,
birds, & mammals carried by bloodsucking
insects from host to host
Disease
Trypanosomiasis
African “sleeping sickness”
Transmitted by tsetse fly
Chagas’
disease - parasitic
Transmitted by “kissing bug”
Leishmaniasis
– parasitic
Can be fatal
Transmitted by sand flies
Giardiasis
– parasitic
– parasitic
Transmitted by animal feces in contaminated water
Phylum Sporazoa
Movement:
only as juvenile
Ex: Plasmodium
Disease
Malaria
–
Transmitted by mosquito
Causes fever, fatigue, thirst, anemia, and death
Occurs in cycle
Problem treating b/c mosquitoes developed
resistance to quinine
Afflicts 500,000,000 people per year
Kills 2,700,000 million per year
page 518 life cycle
analogies
_______:
disease
_________:: _______: ______
cause
_______:
_________:: _______: ______
_______:
_________:: _______: ______
Phylum
Common
name
Locomotion
Nutrition
Rep genre
Sarcodina
Sarcodines
Pseudopodia
Heterotrophic
Amoeba
Ciliophora
Ciliates
Cilia
Heterotrophic
Paramecium
Zoomastigina
Zooflagellates
Flagella
Heterotrophic
Trypanosoma
Giardia
Sporozoa
Sporozoans
Only in young
Heterotrophic
Plasmodium
Algae
Chapter 27
Characteristics
Eukaryote
Autotrophic
(differ from other protozoans)
Have chloroplasts
Unicellular
and/or multicellular
Lack tissue differentiation
4 types of algae based on body
structure (thallus)
Unicellular – aquatic –
ex: phytoplankton
1.
Base of food chain
Produce oxygen
Colonial - ex. Volvox
1.
•
Many cells grouped & working
together
4 types of algae cont’
3. Filamentous – ex. Spirogyra
Some anchor to ocean floor
4. Multicellular – ex. Macrocystis - giant
kelp
These are most like plants
(see pictures next slide)
Giant Kelp - Macrocystis
Classification
7
phyla based on:
Color
Chlorophyll type
• Pigments absorb differing wavelengths of light so
gives them their characteristic color- green brown red
Food-storage
Cell wall composition
Reproduction with unicellular algae
Asexually
– mitosis produces haploids
+ and – gametes called zoospores
– when + and – join to form
diploid zygote – zygospore – meiosis
(page 528)
Sexually
Reproduction in multicellular algae
Complex
Page
528
Ulva – sea lettuce
Gametophyte – haploid
gamete-producing
phase
Sporophyte – diploid
spore-producing phase
Page 529
Phylum Bacillariophyta
– cell wall called shells, have 2
pieces (like box with lid)
Diatomaceous earth – dead diatoms sink
& form sediment
Diatoms
used in commercial products like: detergents,
paint removers, fertilizers, insulators, &
toothpaste
Phylum Dinoflagellata
Unicellular,
photosynthetic
Red tide – population explosion
Phylum Euglenophyta
Euglena – unicellular
with flagella
Plantlike b/c
photosynthetic
Animal-like b/c lack
cell wall
Protozoa Images
www.microimaging.ca/protozoa/conjug
ation.html
Protista Quiz
http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Docu
ments/Zoo/Protista.htm
Slime molds
Eukaryote
Multicellular
heterotrophic
Fungus-like
Usually
red, viscous mass
Live in damp soil, rotting logs, decaying
leaves
Ameboid movement “ooze”
Eat by phagocytosis
Water molds
Fungus-like
with branching filaments
Aquatic, soil and parasitic
Blight – disease causes decay of plant
Irish potato famine
Review
Animal-like protists
amoeba & paramecium
Plant-like protists
Spirogyra & volvox
Review analogies
_______:
disease
_________:: _______: ______
cause
_______:
_________:: _______: ______
_______:
_________:: _______: ______
Kingdom Fungi
Chapter 28
Mycology - the study of fungi
Characteristics
Eukaryotic
Nonphotosynthetic
– no chlorophyll
Multicellular
– breaks down decaying
plant & animal matter THEN absorbs it
Heterotrophic
Most
are molds or yeasts
– grows on old bread
Yeasts – microorganisms make bread rise
Molds
– in cell walls of hyphae found in
insects’ exoskeleton
Chitin
IMPORTANT
in nature!
recycler of organic matter
Structures
Hyphae
- mass of filaments of
cells
Mycelium – forms the hyphae
the part we don’t see
Reproduction
Asexual
when
hyphae break off and start growing
on their own
Sporangia – spores produced in special
hyphae called sporangiospores – spores
with enclosed sac
Conidia – spores without sac
Fragmentation – hypha shatter – spores
released
Budding – in yeast when pinches off piece of
cell
Sexual
Fusion
occurs when hyphae of differing
mating types (+ or -) meet
Produce spores
Evolution
Evolved
from prokaryotes
Classification
Classified
by structure & reproduction
Phylum basidiomycota
Phylum ascomycota
Lichens
Phylum Zygomycota
Bread
fungus
Rhizoids – anchor (root) in bread
Breaks down nutrients in bread for absorption
(page 546 diagram)
Phylum Basidiomycota
Also
called club fungus
Mushrooms are
basidiocarps
Stalk or stem
cap
Gills
Dikaryotic basidia
Phylum Ascomycota
Parasitic
& land
“sac fungi” live in salt/fresh water
Infections & Diseases
Athlete’s
foot or Ringworm – infect skin,
hair, nails & tissues
Vaginal
yeast infections
Tinea cruris (jock itch)
histoplasmosis
Good fungi
Penicillin
– cephalosporium & rhizopus
Cheese, beer, wine, soy products, breads
Not to mention my favorite: mushrooms!
Antibiotics
Overview of Fungi
http://www.wisc-
online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=BI
O304
http://www.wisc-
online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=BI
O704
http://www.wisc-
online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=BI
O604
Lichens
Lichens
are unusual creatures. A lichen is
not a single organism the way most other
living things are, but rather
Lichens
are a combination of two
organisms which live together intimately.
composed of fungal filaments, but living with
filaments (algal cells)
• green alga or a cyanobacterium.
References
http://science.kennesaw.edu/biophys/biodiversity/protista/pictures/paramecium.gif
http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Images/Zoo/amoeba_big.JPG
http://shs.westport.k12.ct.us/mjvl/biology/cells/amoeba.gif
http://www.agpix.com/catalog/AGPix_BiPhSeTe41/large/AGPix_BiPhSeTe41_0004_Lg.jpg
http://workforce.cup.edu/buckelew/images/Plasmodium%20cathemerium%2012%20midnite.jpg
http://www.membranetransport.org/media/organism/tvag1.jpg
http://www.biology-resources.com/drawing-amoeba-reproduction.html
http://www.students.emory.edu/HYBRIDVIGOR/images/conjugation.jpg
www.microimaging.ca/protozoa/conjugation.html
http://vocker.superfreethought.com/naturalphotographs/microorganisms/ima
ges/DSC01832-Radiolarians.jpg
http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T
073615A.gif
http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/webpictures/
dovercliffs.jpg
http://marinebio.org/i/giant_kelp.jpg
http://www.rain.org/campinternet/channelhistory/kelp/kelp98.jpg
http://www.absc.usgs.gov/research/seabird_foragefish/marinehabitat/images/Food_Web3.gif
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/volvox2.jpg
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/Chlorophyta/Spirogyra/Spirogyra.jpg
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/BotanicalSciences/MajorDivisions/KingdomProtista/
Protists/grnalgafillc_2.gif
http://www.liv.ac.uk/images/newsroom/press_releases/2006/01/red_tide.jpg
http://ic.ucsc.edu/~flegal/etox80e/SpecTopics/AlgalBlooms/alg_p1.jpg
http://www.infovisual.info/02/001_en.html
http://arnica.csustan.edu/Biol1010/classification/euglena.JPG
http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookDiversity_3.html
References cont’
http://www.glaucus.org.uk/BracketFungus014.jpg
http://www.burrardlucas.com/photo/peru/manu_biosphere/manu_macro/fungus_2.jpg
http://www.dl-digital.com/images/z_oldimages/fungus-r02-1num7.jpg
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=726&rendTypeId=4
http://www.mo.gov/mo/mophotos/parks/PA_ShelfFungus_Terrell_05
2405.jpg
http://danny.oz.au/travel/iceland/flora.html
http://ethnopharmacology.com/fungi/mush.jpg
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Pharmacology/dc-bits/fungi-pics1-04m.jpg
http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/__data/page/1402/fungi1.gif