Automatic Film Processing Clifford R. Berry, DVM Adjunct Associate
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Transcript Automatic Film Processing Clifford R. Berry, DVM Adjunct Associate
ACVR Artifacts
Automatic Film Processing
Clifford R. Berry, DVM
Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Tennessee
Veterinary Specialists Center, Maitland, FL
Automatic Processors
Automatic
processors will
run a sheet of
film through the
developer, fixer
and washing
tanks and a
drying rack
Automatic Processors
Transport system (wet and dry)
Re-circulation system
Replenishment system
Temperature (Heating) system
Filtration
Automatic Processor
Wet Tanks
Developer - first
Fixer - second
Wash - third
Planetary (1 inch transport)
Solar rollers (2 inch turnaround)
Guideshoes
Squeegees
Crossover assemblies
Developer-to-fix
Fix-to-wash
Wash-to-dry
Steps in Film Processing
Step
Purpose
Manual
(Time)
Automatic
(time)
Wetting
Swelling of the emulsion to permit
subsequent chemical penetration
12 s
_
Development
Production of a manifest image from
the latent image
5 min
22 s
Stop Bath
Termination of the development and
removal of excess chemical from the
emulsion
30 s
_
Fixing
Removal of remaining silver halide
from the emulsion and hardening of the
gelatin
Removal of Excess Chemicals
15 min
22 s
20 min
20 s
Removal of water and preparation of
the radiograph for viewing
30 min
26 s
Washing
Drying
Automatic Processor Artifacts
Density differences
Positive
Developer stage (pressure or mishandling after
exposure)
Negative
Fixer or wash stages
Seen easily in reflected light - wash rack or dryer
assembly; particulate debris from any roller
Automatic Processor Artifacts
Parallel to Film Travel
Entrance/exit roller mark (-)
Entrance roller fog/pressure (marks, +)
Guide shoe marks
(+) - developer or developer-to-fix crossover
(-) - fixer turnaround or fix-to-wash crossover
Delay streaks (+)
Automatic Processor Artifacts
Perpendicular to Film Travel
Slap Lines - trailing edge (+)
Stub or Hesitation lines (+)
Chatter (+)
Pi Lines (+)
Developer roller (1 inch diameter planetary
rollers)
2πr = 3.14” apart
Curtain run back - (+), trailing edge of film
Automatic Processor Artifacts
Random Artifacts
Drying patterns/Spots
Wet pressure marks
Emulsion pick off
Lack of normal filtration
Replenishment pump failure
Re-circulation pump failure
Exhausted or lack of chemical replacement
Entrance Roller Fog/Pressure
Ribbed rollers
Determine length of film
Activates Replenishment pump
Entrance Roller Marks
Parallel Film Travel
Scratches on emulsion
Negative density
Underexposed/Normal
Development
Guide Shoe Pressure/Scratches
Positive density
Perpendicular to Film
Travel
Turn around shoe developer (bottom of film)
Developer-to-fix crossover
(top of film)
Guide Shoe Pressure/Scratches
Negative density
Top of Film - Fix-to-wash
crossover
Bottom of Film - Fixer
turnaround guide shoe
Pi Lines - 3.14” Apart
Curtain Run Back
Trailing Edge
Single Emulsion Film
Developer Squeegee
Positive Density Curtain
Bottom side of Film
Cold Developer
Chatter
Delay Streaks
Slap Lines
Film Overlap
Hesitation Marks/Squeegee Action