Transcript PSAE Biology Review

Biology
PSAE Review
Today’s Goals

Feel good about what you have learned
 It’s
more than you think!
Brush-up on some science skills
 Perform well on the PSAE…

 Exempt
from senior finals!
Topics
Scientific Method
 Biochemistry
 Cells!!!
 Genetics
 Evolution
 Biodiversity

Quiz #1
Scientific Method
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
An educated guess is called…
A variable in an experiment that is controlled
and changed by the scientist is called…
True or False: One experiment is good.
enough to get accurate results
Name a lab instrument used to measure
volume
In an experiment, there is a experimental
group and…
Question #1
An educated guess is called…
 Hypothesis
You don’t have to be right
 Scientists are often wrong

Question #2
A variable in an experiment that is
controlled and changed by the scientist
is called…
Independent variable
 Dependent variable
 Changes on its own in response to the
independent variable
 Is measured

Graphing
Question #3
True or False: One experiment is good
enough to get accurate results.

FALSE

Many repeats needed for valid results
Question #4
Name a lab instrument used to measure
volume.
Beaker / Flask
 Graduated Cylinder
 Ruler (if it’s a solid)

Question #5
In a experiment, there is a experimental
group and…

Control Group
 Receives NO treatment / change
 Natural conditions
 Imagine an experiment testing the
effectiveness of a new cancer drug
Quiz #2
Biochemistry
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Carbohydrates are also known as…
Lipids are also known as…
Name a protein found in/on your body.
Name the famous nucleic acid found in
every cell.
Which element does every molecule
listed above have in common?
Question #1: Carbohydrates

Sugar!
Question #2: Lipids

Fats, oils, waxes, steroids, cholesterol
Question #3: Protein
Amino acids
 Make your body function
 Enzymes

Question #4: Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA
Question #5: Elements
Carbon is the basic element for all living
things
 Also N, O, P, H

Quiz #3
Cells
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Name a difference between prokaryotes
and eukaryotes.
Where is DNA found in the cell?
Name two structures found only in plant
cells
Which cell parts make cell energy?
When things diffuse, do they move from
high to low or low to high?
Question #1: Pro v. Euk

Prokaryote



No nucleus
Unicellular
Example: Bacteria

Eukaryote
Nucleus
 Complex organelles
 Uni or multicellular
 Example: Us!

Question #2: The nucleus

DNA is found in the nucleus
 Brain
of the cell - instructions
Questions #3: Plant v. Animal
Organelles







Cell membrane – controls
what goes in and out
ER – tubes for transport
Lysosome – digestive
enzymes
Vacuole – temp. storage
Mitochondria – energy!
Golgi – repackage stuff
Cytoplasm - fluid
Question #4: Cell Energy

Responsible organelles
 Animal
cell – mitochondria
 Plant cell – chloroplast

It’s all about ATP
 Make
it or break it
Photosynthesis
Make sugar for plants
 Chlorophyll and
chloroplasts
 2 Part Process:



Light reactions – ATP
is made
Calvin cycle – sugar is
made
Light Reactions
Calvin Cycle
AKA Light Independent
 AKA Dark Reactions

Respiration
Food broken down to release energy
 Mitochondria

Photosynthesis vs. Respiration
Photosynthesis
Food synthesized
Respiration
Food broken down
Energy from sun stored in glucose Energy from glucose released
Carbon dioxide taken in
Carbon dioxide given off
Oxygen given off
Oxygen taken in
Requires light
Does not require light
Chloroplast
Mitochondria & Cytoplasm
Plant cells only
All living cells
Question #5: Diffusion & Osmosis
The movement of particles from high to
low concentration
 Osmosis = water only
 Cell membrane responsible

 Semi-permeable

Want to achieve homeostasis
Cell Membrane
Osmosis
Quiz #4
Cell Division
1.
2.
3.
What does DNA stand for?
Contrast chromosome and chromatin.
What are the stages of the cell cycle?

4.
5.
Remember IPMAT
What is mitosis?
How is meiosis different from mitosis?
Questions #1: DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid
 Contain genetic info
 Nucleus
 Makes protein

Made of
 Sugar
 Phosphate
 Base
Question #2: Chrom…?

Chromatin
 Chromosome
 Uncoiled – loose DNA
 Coiled
 Most of the time
Question #3: Cell Cycle
Growth and division of cells
 IPMAT

 Interphase
 Prophase
 Metaphase
 Anaphase
 Telophase
– 80% of the time – DNA copies
Cell Cycle
Question #4: Mitosis
Make identical copies of a cell
 Actual dividing

Question #5: Meiosis
Mitosis – somatic cells
 Meiosis – makes sex cells (sperm & egg)

 AKA
gametes
 Have a half-set of chromosomes (haploid)
 2 cell divisions
 Makes 4 cells
 Same phases IPMATPMAT
Mitosis v. Meiosis

Mitosis






1 cell division
Daughter cells
identical to parents
cells
Produces 2 cells
2n → 2n
Produces cells for
growth and repair
No crossing over

Meiosis
2 cell divisions
 Daughter cells
different from parents
 Produces 4 cells
 2n → 1n
 Produces gametes
 Crossing over

Quiz #5
Genetics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Who is the father of modern genetics?
What is the difference between dominant
and recessive traits?
AA: Homozygous or heterozygous?
How many boxes does a monohybrid
Punnett Square have?
What is a pedigree?
Question #1: Father…
Gregor Mendel
 Pea Plants
 Knew about genes
 Knew about alleles

 Alternative
form of genes
 Ex: brown eyes and blue eyes
Question #2: Dominant v. Recessive

Dominant traits
 Trait
that covers up another trait when
present
 CAPITAL LETTER

Recessive
 Trait
that is covered
 lowercase letter
Question #3: Homo v. Hetero
Each person inherits 2 alleles
 AA = homozygous dominant
 aa = homozygous recessive
 Aa = heterozygous

Question #4: Punnett Squares
http://www.execulink.com/~ekimmel/punnett_square.swf
Question #5: Pedigree
Pedigree
Quiz #6
Evolution
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Who traveled to the Galapagos and
discovered natural selection?
How do we get a new species?
True or False: Evolution has a goal.
Name an adaptation of birds.
True or False: We believe in
spontaneous generation.
Question #1: Galapagos
Charles Darwin
 Great diversity of life
 Saw change over time

Question #2: New Species

Speciation



Happens
because of
mutations
Benefit
survival in
environment
Geographic
isolation
Question #3: Goal?

There is NO goal to
evolution
Question #4: Adaptation

Increase the likelihood of survival and
reproduction
 Mimicry
 Camouflage
Question #5: We believe…
In BIOGENESIS
 Spontaneous Generation disproved
 Francesco Redi

Quiz #7
Biodiversity
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
How many kingdoms of living things are
there?
Finish this…Kingdom, phylum, class,
order…
What is the scientific name of humans?
Is a virus living or nonliving?
When would you use a dichotomous
key?
Question #1: Kingdoms

There are 6
 Archaebacteria
 Eubacteria
 Protist
 Fungi
 Plant
 Animal
Question #2:







Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Cladogram & Phylogenetic Tree
Phylogenetic Tree
Question #3: Scientific Names
Homo sapien
 Written as Genus species

Question #4: Virus?





Not quite living
Does not grow or
move on its own
Needs a host
Not a cell
Ex: Bacteriophage
 Attacks bacteria
Question #5: Dichotomous Key
Used to identify organisms by name
 “Choose Your Own Adventure” books

Quiz #8
Ecology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Give an example of a producer and
consumer.
What is an omnivore?
In the water cycle, are clouds
condensation or precipitation?
If a population grows exponential, what
would the graph look like?
Name a gas that causes global warming.
Question #1: Who eats whom?
Question #2: Omnivore
Producers – autotrophs – plants
 Consumers – heterotrophs

 Herbivore
– eats plants
 Carnivore – eats animals
 Omnivore – eats a variety

Decomposer – fungi & bacteria
Biomass Pyramid
Food Webs
Question #3: The Cycles

3 cycles keep the earth balanced:
 Water
Cycle
 Carbon-Oxygen Cycle
1. Evaporation
2. Condensation
3. Precipitation
4. Collection /
Runoff
Oxygen-Carbon Cycle
Release O2
Release CO2
Photosynthesis
Take in CO2
Eating plants provides
carbohydrates
Question #4: Populations

All the members of one species in a
particular area
 Density
- # in a specific area
 Patterns
Population Growth

Exponential
 Rate
increases faster
as time goes on
 J-shaped curve
Population Growth

Logistic Growth
 Environment
limits
 Reaches carrying capacity
 S-shaped curve
Question #5: Global Warming
Just kidding…
Global Warming

Greenhouse Effect
 Heat
from the sun in not able to escape the
atmosphere due to the abundance of gases
 Carbon dioxide CO2
 CFC (chlorofluorocarbons)
 Methane
 Nitrous Oxide