Spring Pres for EAF(2)
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Transcript Spring Pres for EAF(2)
Deculturalization and the Struggle for
Equality
A Brief History of the Education of
Dominated Cultures in the United States
By: Joel Spring
Presented by: Heather Nast, Lauren Finelli
and Andrew Reder
Racial Violence
Throughout history...
In Education
US Civil War
Trail of Death
19th century Chinese
Enslaved Africans
Race riots in 19th and 20th centuries
Zoot Suit riots
Civil Rights Movement
Protestants and Catholics in
1840’s
Punishment of enslaved
Africans
Racial clashes
School integration riots
Current debates
Globalization
Globalization- begins when Columbus
arrives in the Americas in 1492 and links
the world trade routes
Civilized v. uncivilized- Christian v. Pagan
Religious Superiority
Catholics
Religious heretics
Catholics schools
developed the private
school sect
Protestant
The superior belief
Referred to as “public”
schools
Mostly anti-Catholic
(obvious in government life)
*** Lead to the Catholic/Protestant school riots over religious doctrines
Race, Racism and Citizenship
Race- primarily a social construction
Racism- prejudice plus power
Educational Methods for Global
Cultural Encounters
Cultural Genocide
Deculturalization
Assimilation
Cultural Pluralism
Denial of Education
Hybridity
Educational and Cultural Differences
Colonists
Native Americans
Child-rearing- discipline,
authority and
memorization (break the
will of the child)
School- formal setting
Work- activity provided
protection against sin
Political power- only
men
Child-rearing- quite
dismissive
School- informal,
educated by stories told
by the elders
Work- only for what
they needed
Political power- held by
some women
Early Native American
Educational Programs
Failed establishment of Henrico College
Praying towns
Dartmouth College
Moor’s Charity School
5 Civilized Tribes
Choctaw, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Creek
and Seminole tribes
Government wanted their land
Felt like the nuclear family and the
establishment of a formal government
was leaked to the need for a nuclear
family
Hoped for a cash economy to develop
Native Americans: Deculturalization,
Schooling, and Globalization
Native Americans as Indigenous people
The Naturalization Act of 1790 excluded
them from citizenship of the U.S.
Schooling
Thomas McKenney thought schooling
would socially control Native Americans
and improve their society
He introduced schools to Indian tribes as
“experiments”
◦ White Missionary teachers- American Board
of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
(ABCFM)
◦ 1819 Civilization Fund Act
Native American language and
culture
Sequoyah created a written language to
preserve their history, religions, and
culture
◦ Elias Boudinot created Cherokee Phoenix in
1828
Indian Removal
Andrew Jackson worried that education was
giving Indians the power to resist the U.S.
government
Indian Removal Act of 1830
◦ Trail of Tears
Once settled they began setting up
schools and governments
◦ The Spencer, Armstrong, & New Hope
Academies
Cherokees were almost 100% literate!
Reservations and Boarding Schools
Charles E. Mix said that the U.S. had made
great errors when dealing with the tribes
1867 Indian Peace Commission
Boarding schools take children to strip
away their native culture
◦ Carlisle Indian School &Hampton- Richard
Pratt
Poor conditions- how are they to learn?
Meriam Report in 1928
African Americans: Deculturalization,
Transformation, and Segregation
“Diaspora”
British, Spanish, and Portuguese
imperialists moved enslaved Africans to
North American and other locations
North- societies with the slaves
South- slave societies (plantation life)
Two ways denial of education laws can be
used
“Creole”
Increase demand of slaves
◦ Devastating tolls on newly arrived slaves
◦ Free slaves still had restrictions
Petitions to gradually abolish slavery in
the North
Educational Segregation
Freedom vs. Equality
Segregated schools
◦ Reading and writing in English
◦ Unequal funding
Discrimination
Boston Fights for Equal Education
Massachusetts Education Act of 1789
◦ Funding
Benjamin Robert’s daughter- First
separate-but-equal ruling in judicial
history
1855 Massachusetts governor signed a
law that said no child can be denied
admission based on race/religion
Slaves were not allowed to read
Although many of them learned
◦ Helped the slaves learn about what was
happening in the Civil War
“Darky act” or “trickers”
African Americans had to obey the
government, but was not allowed to have
a say in it
The Fourteenth Amendment Section 1
◦ Homer Plessy
First Crusade
First: literacy
◦ Former slaves established schools
◦ Trying to improve political and economic
standings
◦ Booker T. Washington
“cast down its buckets and use black workers”
◦ W.E.B. Du Bois
NAACP
◦ General Samuel Armstrong
Hampton and segregated industrial education
Second Crusade
1910- 1930s, Expansion of segregated
schools paid by individual supporters and
government
The Anna T. Jeanes Fund & The Julius
Rosenwald Fund
Asians: Shifting Views
Generally speaking, White efforts at
deculturization focused on the denial of
education and separation of Asian
populations from White populations
The nature of Asian immigration caused
treatment to shift much faster than any
other group
Coming to America
Chinese: Moving around since 15th century
◦ First major wave was Gold Rush
1850s in California
◦ Paid their own way, not enough money to get back
◦ Ended up working on railroads or in agriculture
Japanese: Late start
◦ 1639 law forbade foreign travel
◦ Immigration started in 1868 to Hawaii and
California
Other Asian Populations
Small amounts (<10,000) from Korea and
India
In 1907 a large Filipino migration began
Other Asians not significant until
Immigration Act of 1965
White Views
Until 1960s, major views were:
◦ “Coolie”
low cost, servile labor
Born from railroad workers/farmhands
◦ “Deviant”
Immoral, sexually permissive
Born from opium dens and prostitution
◦ Combined as “Yellow Peril”
Push and Pull
Asian immigration started relatively late,
when big pushes for more equal rights
were starting
“Coolie” legislation often clashed with
“Deviant” legislation
Many of most repressive laws were
reversed soon after being enacted
Example: San Fransisco
1872: All White students to be educated
1884: Imperial Chinese Consulate
complains
◦ SF School board specifically bars “Mongolians”
1885: Superior Court overrules SF
1885: Segregated schools implemented
1906: Forced integration to avoid
international incident
A New Image
WWII
◦ Japanese Internment
◦ Asians differentiated
1950s, the Model Minority
Latinos: Location, Location
Biggest Latino influxes came from
conquest
◦ 1848: End of Mexican-American War
US gained California, Colorado, New Mexico,
Nevada, Arizona, Utah, Texas
◦ 1898: End of Spanish-American War
US gained Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam and
naval base in Cuba
Similar View, Different Treatment
Latinos: mix of Indian (not white) and
Spanish (white on a technicality)
◦ Generally regarded as Indians or worse
Mexicans valued as cheap labor
◦ Education was denied/neglected/segregated
Puerto Ricans feared as too independent
◦ Education was forced in order to
“Americanize”
Puerto Rico: A dream snatched away
Strong independence movement since
1860s
Made “autonomous state” in 1897
◦ Constitutional Republic with Spanish
Governor
Conquered in 1898
Puerto Rico: Winning Hearts and
Minds
“Put an American schoolhouse in every
valley and upon every hilltop”
Education used as a weapon to inspire
loyalty
◦ English-only past first grade
◦ American History over Puerto Rican History
◦ Celebration of American holidays
Biggest tension was over English Language
Starting in 1912, calls for Bilingual education
Mexicans: Kept poor and dumb
Similar Policies to Puerto Rico to inspire
patriotism
Almost never enforced
◦ “Educating the Mexican is educating them
away from the job, away from the dirt”
Those that did go to school were
segregated
Globalization: The Great Civil Rights
Movement and Wars of Liberation
Internationally
Declaration on the
Granting of
Independence to
Colonial Countries and
Peoples
Domestically
Discrimination
everywhere
Deculturalization and
school segregation was
part of a general global
movement
School Desegregation
NAACP- desegregation and opportunity to
participate in economic system
1954 Brown vs. Board of Education Topeka
Public demonstrations to take action
Lack of supervision to make sure segregation
ended
CORE, SNCC, SCLC
Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.
King was born in 1929 into a family of
Baptist Ministers
Introduction of nonviolent confrontation
1957 Southern Christian Leadership
Conference (SCLC)
Martin Luther King, Jr. Continued…
Rosa Parks
1957 “Give us the Ballot…” speech to
Washington, DC
Civil Rights Act of 1964
◦ Titles 4 & 6
Contrast: Asian Experience
During this time, “Model Minority” view
became popular
Contrasted to Black experience
Obscured reality of Asian Experience
In 1961, 450 Indians attended the
American Indian Chicago Conference
◦ End to termination policies
John F. Kennedy
◦ More Indian participation in decisions
involving federal policies
Struggle for self-determination
◦ Pan-Indian Movement
Indian Education: A National Tragedy
Bilingual Education Act of 1968
Indian Self-Determination and Education
Assistance Act of 1975
Tribally Controlled Schools Act
Native American Languages Act of 1990
Bilingual Education
1951: Puerto Rico becomes
commonwealth
Spanish restored
1968 Boycotts in LA
Bilingual Education Act of 1968
Official language disputes
Multicultural Education, Immigration
and the Cultural Wars
1965 Immigration Act that abolished
the 1924 Immigration Act (and the
quota system)
Multicultural education rose
Ethnocentric schools (go back to
segregation)
Cultural Wars cont. and NCLB
Mandatory standardized tests only
measure one culture
Bilingual education be used as a
vehicle for learning English
21ST Century: Post- Racial Society
Post-racial- a society where race is no
longer important in determining social
status and income
◦ However, government agencies state that the
concept of race has no scientific or
anthropological meaning but persist in using
racial categories in their reports
◦ Socially constructed in contrast to legal or
administrative definitions of race
In Comparison
Race and income
◦ 1- all white
◦ 2- white (Hispanic or
Latino)
◦ Least- Black or African
American
Drop out rates
(1972-2006)
◦ 1- Hispanic
◦ 2- Black
◦ 3- Whites
Is the US a Post-Racial Society
YES
◦ Racial categories are no
longer recognized, by
government agencies, as
having scientific or
anthropological meaning
◦ Because race is a
confusing term taking on
many different meanings
among post-1965
immigrants
◦ Since post-1965
immigrants are not facing
any overt attempts as
Deculturalization and
Americanization
NO
◦ Many native-born whites and blacks
still think in the racial categories
created by law and judicial decisions
from the 18th century to the Civil
Rights Movements
◦ Since government agencies require
the use of racial categories
◦ The legacy of race-based laws and
Deculturalization still contribute to
educational and economic inequality
◦ Since many immigrants from Mexico
and Central America as assimilation
into native-born Hispanic
communities suffering from the
legacy of the past