Transcript Progressive Movement
Progressive Movement
Responses to the Challenges brought about by Industrialization and Urbanization
Questions:
What problems did Progressive reformers hope to solve?
What role did journalists and other writers play in the Progressive Movement?
How did the Progressives work to help the urban poor?
How did the Progressive reformers change local and state governments?
Progressivism: Reform Movement
Began during T Roosevelt’s Administration.
Ended in 1917 with the US entry into WWI.
Spirit of Active Reform dominated national, state, and local politics.
Wide range of issues Middle class city dwellers From the mid west and northeast.
Pressure for Reforms
Why?
Negative effects of industrialization
.
Social Darwinism
Laissez Faire Economics
Lack of competition: high prices
Abuse of nation’s resources.
Poor working conditions
Poor living conditions
Large gap between rich and poor.
Rise of unions
Pressure for Reforms continued
Immigration kept wages low/rise of nativism
Mixed Response of Government
Unresponsive to the impact of industrialization and urbanization.
Courts did not support fair business practices
corruption
Reforms demanded by rising middle class
Increased power and influence of middle class.
Educated class Progressives supported use of government power to bring about reform.
Technology and science could improve the basic institutions of America: family, education, business and gov’t Strengthening capitalism and they were against the rising tide of socialism.
By pass the political parties.
Muckrakers
The Muckrakers and reform Brought public attention to reform issues.
Journalists, writers, photographers, and artists.
Investigated and exposed corruption and injustice.
Lincoln Steffens ( The Shame of the Cities ), Ida Tarbell ( History of Standard Oil ), Upton Sinclair ( The Jungle movie trailer?), Jacob Riis ( How the Other Half Lives )
Specific Areas of Concern
Poverty and living conditions
Better living conditions through building codes Social Gospel
Settlement Houses
Jane Addams Hull House Henry Street Settlement: Lillian Wald Provided child care, education, social activities, and employment help.
Specific Areas of Concern
Peace Movement Addams and Wald Jeannette Rankin 1 st woman elected to congress Addams 1931 Noble Peace Prize
Specific Areas of Concern
Temperance and prohibition Began in the 1820s 1874 Women’s Christian Temperance Union.
1920 18 th amendment
Specific Areas of Concern
Women’s Movement 1848 Seneca Falls NY Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony were the radicals.
Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell were the moderates.
1900s Carrie Chapmen Catt changes strategy.
19 Amendment 1920
Specific Areas of Concern
Birth Control Margaret Sanger Planned Parenthood Federation Education for Women 100,000 women in college by the 1900s.
Rights for Jews Anti-Defamation League
Specific Areas of Concern
African Americans Lynchings Booker T Washington: vocational training Policy called accommodation W.E.B. DuBois: more radical than BTW Niagara Movement NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Marcus Garvey: separatist Ida B. Wells: journalist
Progressivism and Government
1 st concentrated their efforts on local governments.
Elect Progressive Mayors but also needed to change the way government ran.
Popular in small and medium sized cities.
City Commissioner Plan City manager Plan
Theodore Roosevelt and the Square Deal
Many reforms during his administration.
1 st of the Progressive Presidents (William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson).
Youngest man to become president 1901 William McKinley is assassinated Elected in 1904 Used the power of the Presidency to deal with social and economic problems
Cities respond to Urban Problems
Transportation systems, water and sewage, sanitation, other utilities.
Modernizing Police and Fire Departments.
Constructing new government buildings.
Building Libraries and museums
Reform of State Government
Limited the control of state controlled boss politics.
Limited powerful business interests.
To protect gains at the local level reform was needed at the state and federal levels.
Needed to increase citizen participation in government.
State reforms
Secret ballots Initiative Referendum Recall Direct primary Direct Election of Senators (1913) 17 th Amendment.
Role of third parties
State, Social and Environmental Reform
Wisconsin Model Robert M. La Follette Regulate railroads, lobbying, banking Civil service reforms Reform tax system Workmen’s compensation Factory inspections Teddy Roosevelt New State Tenement Commission
Theodore Roosevelt and the Square Deal
Youngest President to take office 1 st of three Progressive presidents( William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson) Stewardship: leading the nation in the public interest, like a supervisor or manager.
Square Deal: many reforms during his administration
Reforms
Consumer Protection Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act (
The Jungle
) Regulation of Business Hepburn Act 1906 Regulation of Railroad rates. Strengthened the ICC. Also expanded power to include regulation of pipelines, ferries, bridges and terminals.
Reforms
Trust-busting Good and bad trusts.
Northern Securities Case: Pacific Northwest Railroads. Dissolved Beef Trust: Swift and Company v. the United States .
Labor Reforms: The Anthracite Coal Strike: United Mine Workers.
Employers’ Liability Act of 1906: provided accident insurance for interstate railroad workers. And in Washington D.C.
Working Hours:
Lockner v. New York ( no limiting working hours) Muller v Oregon ( women working) 10 hour work day
Conservation
Roosevelt was a naturalist Influenced by Gifford Pinchot and John Muir.
Forest Reserve Act of 1891/US Forest Service /150 Million Acres.
National Reclamation Act of 1902
Progressivism Under Taft
1909 William Howard Taft is elected President.
Twice as many lawsuits Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States.
Rule of reason to the Sherman Antitrust Act Mann Elkins act of 1910/ICC/ control telephone and telegraph.
Payne –Aldrich Act of 1909 raise tariffs
Woodrow Wilson and the New freedom
Democrat 1912 Competition in the marketplace through enforcement of antitrust laws.
Underwood Tariff Act: lowered tariffs/Civil War 1913 16 th Amendment Graduated Income tax. 6% v 1% Federal Reserve System created.
Federal Reserve System
12 Districts, each with a Federal reserve Bank.
The Federal Government could now: Issue sound currency.
Control the amt of money in circulation.
Control interest rates.
Shift money from one bank to another when needed.
Negative Aspects of the Progressive Period
Rights of African Americans do not improve..
Woodrow Wilson enact separate facilities for blacks in Federal Government buildings.
Jim Crows are still in existence (
Plessy v Ferguson
) separate but equal.
Women are still treated like second class citizens.
Unequal education still exists for all races Child labor.
No minimum wage, no maximum work week, Prohibition….Organized Crime No anti-lynching laws
Business Regulation
Federal Trade Commission Act Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 Price fixing Buying stock in competing companies.
Addams Act of 1916 8 hour work day for workers on railroads and in interstate commerce.
Federal Farm Loan Act 1916 Keating – Owen Child Labor Act: Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional. Hammer v Dagenhart 19 th Amendment 1920 women the right to vote.
Causes of the Progressive Movement Growth of industry The Progressive Movement Work of Muckrakers Growth of cities
Political
•Direct election of Senators.
•Party primaries.
•Votes for women.
Social
•Laws protecting Workers.
•Settlement houses •Birth control •Child labor laws •consumer protection laws
Economic
•Conservation of land and water.
•Regulation of business •Lower tariffs •Income tax •Federal Reserve
Progressive Movement Protect Social Welfare
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Pure Food and Drug Act
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Meat Inspection Act
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Conservation projects
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Settlement House Movement
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Formation of NAACP
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Mandatory Education Promote Moral Development
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Temperance
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18 th Amendment
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Social Gospel Movement Create Economic Reform
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Underwood tariff
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Federal Reserve System
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Clayton Antitrust Act
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Hepburn Act
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16 th Amendment
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Federal Trade Commission
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Regulate public utilities Foster Efficiency In Government
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17 th &18 th Amendment
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Civil Service reform
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Secret Ballot
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Direct Primaries
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Referendum
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Recall
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City commission
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City manager
Progressive Pyramid National 16-19 Amendments Pure food and Drug Act Meat Inspection Act Underwood Tariff, Clayton Antitrust Act FTC, Federal Reserve Bank, Hepburn Act, NAACP, Forest Reserve Act State
Secret Ballot, Initiative, referendum, recall, direct primaries, direct election of senators
Local
City Commission, city manager, regulation of public utilities, city beautification, settlement houses
Muckrakers: uncover corruption
Lincoln Steffens
The Shame of the Cities
Corrupt politicians Upton Sinclair
The Jungle
Unhealthy conditions in the Meat packing industry Frank Norris
The Octopus
Corrupt railroad operators & California Wheat farmers Ida Tarbel
History of the Standard Oil Company
John D. Rockefeller’s monopoly