Approach & Landing Accident Avoidance for 2011 Eastern Region FAASTEAM Federal Aviation Administration

Presented to: West Chester Pilots By: William J. Doyle, Jr., CFI A&I Date: 09/21/2011

Special Thanks to the Management and Staff of the American Helicopter Museum Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Federal Aviation Administration 2

The Seasonal ‘Danger’ Zone

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Accidents by Aircraft Type

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Fatalities by Aircraft Type

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Why Focus on Approaches & Landings?

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Why Focus on Approaches & Landings?

2010 Nall Report – 2009 Data Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Federal Aviation Administration 7

Why Focus on Approaches & Landings?

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Say That Again!

Maneuvering, Approach & Landing…

– – –

15% of your flight time (average).

47% of all accidents for 2008.

55.9% of all accidents for 2009 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Federal Aviation Administration 9

Why Focus on Approaches & Landings?

2008: 413 non commercial fixed-wing landing accidents. 2009 Nall Report

50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Student Private Commercial ATP Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Federal Aviation Administration 10

Why Focus on Approaches & Landings?

2009: 348 non commercial fixed-wing landing accidents. 2010 Nall Report

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Why Focus on Approaches & Landings?

2009: 348 non commercial fixed-wing landing accidents. 2010 Nall Report

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Leading APL Causal Factors

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Landing Practice Starts in the Air Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance

Photo © Danny Fritsche

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Slow Flight Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Federal Aviation Administration 15

Definition

Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance

FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook

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Slow Flight - Common Errors

 What are some common errors encountered during slow flight?

 How could these errors lead to an approach/landing accident?

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Slow Flight - Common Errors

• Failure to adequately clear the area.

• Inadequate back-elevator pressure as power is reduced, resulting in altitude loss.

• Excessive back-elevator pressure as power is reduced, resulting in a climb, followed by a rapid reduction in airspeed and “mushing.” • Inadequate compensation for adverse yaw during turns.

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Slow Flight - Common Errors

• Fixation on the airspeed indicator.

• Failure to anticipate changes in lift as flaps are extended or retracted.

• Inadequate power management.

• Inability to adequately divide attention between airplane control and orientation.

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Flight at Minimum Controllable Airspeed (Slow Flight)

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Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Power Off Stall Recovery

1. Reduce Angle of Attack 2. Add Power 3. Keep Wings Level 4. Use adequate Rudder

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Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Power On Stall Recovery

1. Reduce Angle of Attack 2. Keep Wings Level 3. Use adequate Rudder

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Stall Recognition

• Vision - note the attitude of the airplane • Hearing - change in sound due to loss of RPM • Kinesthesia, sense changes in direction or speed of motion, warning of decrease in speed or beginning of settling or mushing.

• Feel - resistance to control pressures decreases, controls less effective • Airplane vibration and buffeting • Stall warning indicators – Stall warning horn and/or stall warning light

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Stall Recovery – Power Off Stalls Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Federal Aviation Administration 24

Stall Recovery – Power On Stalls Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Federal Aviation Administration 25

Stabilized Approach

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Stabilized Approach

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Faulty Approaches Energy Management (1 of 2)

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Faulty Approaches Energy Management (2 of 2)

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Faulty Approaches Timing (1 of 2)

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Faulty Approaches Timing (2 of 2)

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Faulty Approaches Nose Wheel Hazards

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Faulty Approaches Porpoise Gone Bad

Cherokee

Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance

L410

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Landing - Common Errors

 What are some common errors encountered during landing?  How could these errors lead to an approach/landing accident?

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Landing - Common Errors

• Inadequate wind drift correction on the base leg.

• Overshooting or undershooting the turn onto final approach resulting in too steep or too shallow a turn onto final approach.

• Flat or skidding turns from base leg to final approach as a result of overshooting/inadequate wind drift correction.

• Poor coordination during turn from base to final approach.

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Landing - Common Errors

• Failure to complete the landing checklist in a timely manner.

• Unstabilized approach.

• Failure to adequately compensate for flap extension.

• Poor trim technique on final approach.

• Attempting to maintain altitude or reach the runway using elevator alone.

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Landing - Common Errors

• Focusing too close to the airplane resulting in a too high round out.

• Focusing too far from the airplane resulting in a too low round out.

• Touching down prior to attaining proper landing attitude.

• Failure to hold sufficient back-elevator pressure after touchdown.

• Excessive braking after touchdown.

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Crosswind Landings

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Crosswind Landing Techniques

• • •

Crab down final Transition to sideslip at or just before the thresh hold Any risks?

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Side load on tires

• •

Sideslip not recommended all the way down a long final approach leg Any risks?

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Cross control stall if improper pitch, power, airspeed Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Federal Aviation Administration 39

Centerline Control

•

Always keep the Aircraft on the Centerline of the Taxiway and Runway.

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Application of Aileron Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Federal Aviation Administration 41

Faulty Approaches Crosswind Landings Gone Bad

London City

Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance

Luthansa

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Crosswind Landings Common Errors

 What are some common errors encountered during crosswind landings?

 How could these errors lead to an approach/landing accident?

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Common Errors in Crosswind Landings

• Attempting to land in crosswinds exceeding the maximum demonstrated crosswind component.

• Inadequate compensation for wind drift when turning from base to final resulting in undershooting or overshooting.

• Inadequate compensation for wind drift on final.

• Un-stabilized approach.

• Failure to compensate for increased drag during sideslip resulting in excessive sink rate and/or too low an airspeed .

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Common Errors in Crosswind Landings

• Touchdown while drifting.

• Excessive airspeed on touchdown.

• Failure to apply appropriate flight control inputs during rollout.

• Failure to maintain direction control on rollout.

• Excessive braking.

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Go Around From Rejected Landing Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Federal Aviation Administration 46

Go Around Common Errors

 What are some common errors encountered during go-arounds?

 How could these errors lead to an accident?

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Go Around - Common Errors

• Failure to recognize a condition that warrants a rejected landing.

• Indecision.

• Delay in initiating a go-round.

• Failure to apply maximum allowable power in a timely manner.

• Abrupt power application.

• Improper pitch attitude.

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Go Around - Common Errors

• Failure to configure the airplane appropriately.

• Attempting to climb out of ground effect prematurely.

• • Failure to adequately compensate for torque/ P-factor.

Failure to re-extend gear in a retractable gear airplane.

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Special Considerations

 Experimental Aircraft -- Do you know the handling characteristics?

 Laminar Flow Wings -- Do you know the flight characteristics?

 Emergency Landings -- Have you practiced lately?

-- What types are there?

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Parting Thoughts

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• • • •

The Three Most Useless Things to a Pilot The runway behind you

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Moral: know your aircraft’s take-off minimums and cross-wind

component

, your airport’s runway length, density altitude, any obstacles to be cleared The altitude above you

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Moral: know your aircraft’s power settings for climb, cruise, and descent The fuel on the ground below you

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Moral: know your aircraft’s fuel capacity, fuel system, GPH burn rate, and winds aloft for the route of flight. Utilize superior judgment to avoid needing to use superior skill Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Federal Aviation Administration 52

Just a Real Nice Picture

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Credits and Information

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• • •

References and Information

NTSB Accident Database

• http://www.ntsb.gov/aviationquery/index.aspx

Electronic Code of Federal Regulations – Title 14 Aeronautics and Space

• http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text idx?sid=fd0d4ed9821626f95caf8cad8372ce03&c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrow se/Title14/14tab_02.tpl

Electronic Code of Federal Regulations – Title 14 Chapter I -Federal Aviation Administration, Department of Transportation, Subchapter D – Airmen

• http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text idx?sid=fd0d4ed9821626f95caf8cad8372ce03&c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrow se/Title14/14cfrv2_02.tpl

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References and Information

• •

FAA Airplane Flying Handbook – FAA-H-8083-3A

http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manu als/aircraft/airplane_handbook/

FAA Risk Management Handbook – FAA-H-8083-2

– http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/aviation/media/F AA-H-8083-2.pdf

– See Appendix A for Personal Minimums

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• • •

References and Information

Presenter

– William J. Doyle, Jr., CFI A&I, AGI, IGI, Cessna CFAI • FAA FAAST Team Representative, PHL FSDO

Downloading This Presentation

– http://williamjdoylejr.net/FAAST/Approach_and_Landings_for_2011/ • Download each file in this directory • Make sure that all files are downloaded into the same folder

Crosswinds Presentation

– http://williamjdoylejr.net/FAAST/Crosswind_Operations_at_the_Edge.ppt

• Uses PowerPoint 2003 and later • Password-protected, so click on the “Read Only” button – http://williamjdoylejr.net/FAAST/Crosswind_Operations_at_the_Edge.pdf

• Uses Adobe Acrobat Reader version • Recommended for use with iPads

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Just a Real Nice Picture

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FAASTeam on Approach and Landing for Accident Avoidance

Questions?

Comments?

Ideas?

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This Completes Approach and Landing For Accident Avoidance Be sure to have your attendance record validated!

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Let’s Go Flying

“Remember Safety is No Accident” Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Federal Aviation Administration 61