Otto Cycle Derivation
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Transcript Otto Cycle Derivation
TEKNIK
PERMESINAN
KAPAL II
(Minggu – 3)
LS 1329 ( 3 SKS)
Jurusan Teknik Sistem Perkapalan
ITS Surabaya
Gas Cycles
Carnot Cycle
T2
Heat
Q
2
3
Work
W
T1
1
s1
4
s2
1-2 - ADIABATIC COMPRESSION
(ISENTROPIC)
2-3 - HEAT ADDITION
(ISOTHERMAL)
3-4 - ADIABATIC EXPANSION
(ISENTROPIC)
4-1 - WORK
(ISOTHERMAL)
Carnot Cycle
Carnot cycle is the most efficient cycle
that can be executed between a heat
source and a heat sink.
T1
1T2
However, isothermal heat transfer is
difficult to obtain in reality--requires large
heat exchangers and a lot of time.
Carnot Cycle
Therefore, the very important (reversible)
Carnot cycle, composed of two reversible
isothermal processes and two reversible
adiabatic processes, is never realized as a
practical matter.
Its real value is as a standard of
comparison for all other cycles.
Gas cycles have many engineering
applications
Internal combustion engine
Otto cycle
Diesel cycle
Gas turbines
Brayton cycle
Refrigeration
Reversed Brayton cycle
Some nomenclature before starting
internal combustion engine cycles
More terminology
Terminology
Bore = d
Stroke = s
d 2
Displacement volume =DV = s
4
Clearance volume = CV
Compression ratio = r
VBDC
DV CV
r
CV
VTDC
Mean Effective Pressure
Mean Effective Pressure (MEP) is a fictitious
pressure, such that if it acted on the piston
during the entire power stroke, it would
produce the same amount of net work.
Wnet
MEP
Vmax Vmin
The net work output of
a cycle is equivalent to
the product of the
mean effect pressure
and the displacement
volume
Real Otto
cycle
Real and Idealized Cycle
Otto Cycle P-V & T-s Diagrams
Pressure-Volume
Temperature-Entropy
Otto Cycle Derivation
Thermal Efficiency:
QH - QL
QL
=1th =
QH
QH
For
a constant volume heat addition (and
rejection) process;
Qin = m C v T
Assuming
QRej = m C v T
constant specific heat:
T4
T 1 - 1
m Cv ( T 4 - T 1 )
T
= 1- 1
th = 1 m Cv ( T 3 - T 2 )
T3
T 2 - 1
T2
Otto Cycle Derivation
For an isentropic compression (and expansion)
process:
-1
-1
T 2 = V 1 = V 4 = T 3
T1 V 2
T4
V 3
where:
γ = Cp/Cv
Then, by transposing,
T3 = T4
T2 T1
Leading to
T
1
th = 1 T2
Differences between Otto and
Carnot cycles
T
2
33
2
44
1
3
s
Otto Cycle Derivation
The compression ratio (rv) is a volume ratio
and is equal to the expansion ratio in an otto
cycle engine.
Compression Ratio
rv =
V1 V4
=
V2 V3
where Compression ratio is defined as
Total volume
v s + vcc
=
rv =
Clearance volume
vcc
rv =
vs
+1
vcc
Otto Cycle Derivation
Then by substitution,
1-
T 1 = V 2 = ( 1-
rv )
T2 V1
The air standard thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle
then becomes:
1
th = 1 - ( r v ) = 1 -1
( rv )
1-
Otto Cycle Derivation
Summarizing
th =
QH - QL
Q
=1- L
QH
QH
Q = m C v T
where
T4
T 1 - 1
T
th = 1 - 1 and
T3
T 2 - 1
T2
T3 = T4
T2 T1
then
T1
th 1
T2
1-
Isentropic
behavior
T 1 = V 2 = ( 1-
rv )
T2 V1
1
th = 1 - ( r v ) = 1 ( r v ) -1
1-
Otto Cycle Derivation
Heat addition (Q) is accomplished through fuel
combustion
Q = Lower Heat Value (LHV) BTU/lb, kJ/kg
Qin
F
Q fuel
cycle = ma
A
also
Qin = m C v T
Effect of compression ratio on Otto
cycle efficiency
Sample Problem – 1
The air at the beginning of the compression
stroke of an air-standard Otto cycle is at 95
kPa and 22C and the cylinder volume is
5600 cm3. The compression ratio is 9 and
8.6 kJ are added during the heat addition
process. Calculate:
(a) the temperature and pressure after the
compression and heat addition process
(b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle
Use cold air cycle assumptions.
Draw cycle and label points
3
r = V1 /V2 = V4 /V3 = 9
P
Q23 = 8.6 kJ
2
4
T1 = 295 K
1 P = 95 kPa
1
v
Carry through with solution
Calculate mass of air:
P1V1
m
6.29 x 10-3 kg
RT1
Compression occurs from 1 to 2:
V1
T2 T1
V2
k 1
isentropiccompression
T2 22 273K 9
1.41
T2 705.6 K
But we need T3!
Get T3 with first law:
Q23 mcv T3 T2
Solve for T3:
q
8.6 kJ 6.29x103 kg
705.6K
T3 T2
cv
0.855 kJ
kg
T3 2304.7K
Thermal Efficiency
1
1
r
k 1
1
0.585
1
1.41
9
Sample Problem – 2
3
Solution
P
2
4
1
v
Diesel Cycle P-V & T-s Diagrams
Sample Problem – 3
Gasoline vs. Diesel Engine