1

Geothermal Heat Pumps A - Z Session 1 Understanding Geothermal Heat Pumps and their Value to Utilities

2012 Illinois Geothermal Conference

Peoria, IL

February 28, 2012

Paul Bony Director Of Residential Market Development ClimateMaster ClimateMaster

2

Introduction To Ground Source Heat pumps (GSHP)

Subjects to be covered • The history of GSHP • How GSHPs Work • Why GSHPs are of Value to Electric Utilities ClimateMaster

3

Earth Energy – It’s Not New

• • Earth energy system was first patented in Switzerland in 1912 Residential system installed in Canada in 1950 ClimateMaster

Courtesy Mr. Ed Lohrenz, CGD, GeoXergy

4

Heat Pump Systems are Reliable

Mr. Bill Loosley installed geothermal system in his home in Burlington, ON in 1950

Courtesy Mr. Ed Lohrenz, CGD, GeoXergy

ClimateMaster

Mr. Loosley’s System:

5

Belt drive compressor Desuperheater Air coil in old added to hot water oil furnace tank ClimateMaster

Courtesy Mr. Ed Lohrenz, CGD, GeoXergy

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Heat Pump Systems are Reliable

Compressor was initially powered by hand crank diesel motor… changed to electric motor (still being used!!) in 1953 when his wife couldn’t start it.

Courtesy Mr. Ed Lohrenz, CGD, GeoXergy

ClimateMaster

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GSHP Basics

ClimateMaster

Geothermal Heat Pump Systems combine Sun, Earth and Water using proven technology… 8

… to create “the most energy-efficient, environmentally clean, and cost-effective space-conditioning system” (according to U.S. EPA 1993) ClimateMaster

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Geothermal System Components

• •

Heat pump Ground loop

ClimateMaster

Heat Pumps Are All Around Us

10

Air conditioners and air-source heat pumps transfer heat from inside houses to the air outside

HEAT HEAT B B B

Refrigerators transfer heat from food into the kitchen ClimateMaster

Heat Pump Components

11



Compressor

   

Refrigerant reversing valve Fluid heat exchanger – ground loop (Coax) Metering device – TXV Air heat exchanger – air coil



Electrical Controls

ClimateMaster

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Option ClimateMaster

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Simple Concept

 Water moves energy better than air does  Water in the ground provides renewable energy Typical water-refrigerant Heat Exchanger used in most GSHP equipment ClimateMaster 13

47% of the solar energy falling on our planet is absorbed by the Earth’s surface… 14

ClimateMaster

15

… maintaining a nearly constant temperature throughout the year just below ground ClimateMaster

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Earth is a better Energy Source

ClimateMaster

The Earth is the Source of Heat in Winter…

72 °F Outdoor air design temperature: -5 °F 17 50 °F A geothermal heat pump transfers underground heat into the building to provide heating

ClimateMaster

…and an Efficient Place to Reject or Store Heat in Summer…

74 °F Outdoor air design temperature: 95 °F 18 50 °F A geothermal heat pump transfers heat from the building into the ground to provide cooling

ClimateMaster

…using Heat Pump Technology Geothermal heat pumps circulate water through a sealed underground piping loop where it is naturally warmed (or cooled) by the Earth 19

ClimateMaster

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Geothermal System Components

Horizontal Ground loop Three basic designs Open Loop Vertical

ClimateMaster

Vertical Closed-Loop Installation

21 Drilling Pipe Loop Insertion Heat Fusing Inside Connection

ClimateMaster

Geothermal Heat Pump Efficiency

22 1 unit of energy from the grid Plus: 3 5 units of “free” energy from the earth Yields: 4-6 units of energy for the building 400-600% Efficient

ClimateMaster

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Geothermal Equipment

• • The equipment keeps getting better • “COP’s” (% efficiency) are reaching 5 (500%) • Hybrid units can greatly reduce installation costs Fits load control and peak time pricing • • Can be tied to a gas furnace for load control Water to water units can support thermal storage for expanded peak clipping ClimateMaster

Geothermal Heat Pumps

Self-contained heating, cooling and hot water

ClimateMaster

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Geothermal Heat Pumps are one of the Most Effective and Deployable Technologies…

26

… producing the lowest carbon dioxide emissions, including all source effects, of all available space-conditioning technologies (EPA, 1993)

ClimateMaster

27

ClimateMaster

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“Ground Source Heat Pumps offer the greatest potential for energy efficiency of any existing technology”

(EPRI Dec 2009)

ClimateMaster

29 Buildings Dominate U.S. Energy Use and Carbon Emissions with Heating, Cooling, and Water Heating being the Largest Contributors Thermal Loads Heating 9.2% Cooling 4.3% Hot Water 3.8% Total 17.3% ~ 20% of all U.S. Carbon Emissions

ClimateMaster

HVAC Energy Use Comparisons

Reduces energy consumption by 50%

30 Conventional HVAC - Home Geothermal HVAC

- Home ClimateMaster

Ordinary Furnace Efficiency

5 - 30% of Energy Lost

(unusable energy) To Outdoors Through the Chimney

31 1 Unit Of Fuel Used To Generate Heat (Purchased) Only 70 - 95% of Energy Purchased Gets Into the Home

(usable energy) ClimateMaster

Geothermal Heat Pump Efficiency

32 1 unit of energy from the grid Yields: 4-6 units of energy for the building Plus: 3 5 units of “free” energy from the earth 400-600% Efficient

ClimateMaster

Geothermal Heat Pumps Energy Savings - Residential 1300 Square Foot Habitat for Humanity Home Demonstrated Residential Savings…

ClimateMaster

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Habitat for Humanity Average of 16 Homes - Total Site Energy Use in 2007

20.00

15.00

10.00

5.00

40.00

35.00

30.00

25.00

-

47% Site Energy Savings

Jan-07 Feb-07 Mar-07 Apr-07 May-07 Jun-07 Jul-07 Aug-07 Sep-07 Oct-07 Nov-07 Dec-07 Geothermal Gas Furnace w A/C ClimateMaster

34

35

Demand Impacts

 Each residential heat pump linked to geothermal system can reduce peak loads in (US DOE)   Summer by 1 –2 KW vs. AC Winter by 4 –8 KW vs. AAHP & ER  Residential (Electric Program) • Over 10 million residential consumers • • Assume just 1 KW reduction per installation 10,000 MW demand reduction ClimateMaster

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Demand Impacts

GHP Value .5 kW/ ton GHP Summary kW/ton at 85 F Outside Air Temperature EER GHP #1 15.1 0.89

GHP #2 0.84

GHP #3 0.83

Average *Difference vs 13 SEER AC 0.85

0.45

16 0.85

0.81

0.81

0.82

0.48

17 0.80

0.77

0.78

0.78

0.52

* Assumes 13 SEER AC at 105° F outside air temperature is about 1.3 kW/ton GHP EER of 15.1 is our minimum standard for rebate ClimateMaster

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Demand Impacts

 ClimateMaster is working with the Utility Geothermal Working Group and Oak Ridge National Lab to develop a national GSHP demand and energy savings “map” using eQuest (DOE 2) modeling for utility program managers.

4,00 3,50 3,00 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0,50 0,00 Austin TX model results 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Month

8 9 10 11 12

Monthly Electric Peak Demand Comparison at Same Peak Time

ClimateMaster Proposed EER 18.5

Baseline SEER 10

Demand Impacts

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4 ton Geo vs. Conventional –Home Peaks –

Denver Colorado

7,00

Monthly Electric Peak Demand Comparison at Same Peak Time

Avg. of 2.1kw savings 6,00 5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,00 1 2 3 4 5 Proposed EER 17.9

6

Month

7 8 9 10 Baseline SEER 10 ClimateMaster 11 12

Energy Savings - Commercial Demonstrated Commercial Buildings Savings

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A Tale of Two Buildings

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PROJECT RESULTS FROM:

A “side by side” Comparison of a Ground Source Heat Pump System vs. Conventional HVAC System between two “identical” buildings.

 Palo Alto, CA  Oklahoma City, OK ClimateMaster

Oklahoma City - Garrett Buildings

41

Conventional 15,000 sq ft Built in 1987 Conventional Roof Top VAV Building GHP 20,000 sq ft Built in 1997 40 boreholes drilled 250 feet deep on 20 foot centers and 3/4 inch PE pipe 16 Ceiling Mounted Units ClimateMaster

42 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Garrett Office Buildings Actual Metered Annual Energy Use 2006-2007 47% Site Energy Savings VAV System Geotherm al

ClimateMaster

Total Electricity Gas

43 Garrett Office Buildings Monthly Peak Demand 2006-2007 35% Peak Demand Reduction

6.0

5.5

5.0

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

Jul-06 Aug-06 Sep-06 Oct-06 Nov-06 Dec-06 Jan-07 Feb-07 Mar-07 Apr-07 May-07 Jun-07 VAV System Geothermal

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Load Factor (4 yr Monthly Average)

44

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 50 45 40 35 May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr ClimateMaster Geothermal Conventional

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Palo Alto, California Buildings

ClimateMaster

46 2183 and 2185 Park Blvd Buildings

 Two Stories  10,000 sq ft each  Built in the 1960s ClimateMaster

Palo Alto Buildings Energy Costs

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$12 000 construction $10 000 $8 000 $6 000 $4 000 $2 000 $0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 ClimateMaster 2005 2006 Geothermal Conventional

Hourly Load Curve Sample 08/22/06

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9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Midnight 4am 8am Noon 4pm ClimateMaster 8pm Geothermal Conventional

Proven Benefits: GSHP retrofit of 4,000 buildings/homes at Fort Polk - 1994

Evaluation showed 33% kWh savings

, 43% lower summer peak kW demand, and improved load factor (0.52 to 0.62) ORNL/CON-460 @ www.ornl.gov/sci/ees/etsd/btric/ground-source.shtml

Typical distribution feeder (16 in all)

49

Army’s existing meter New recording watt meter, modem, and phone line Buried phone line to nearest pedestal To recorder Current transducers on secondary leads to existing meter ClimateMaster

Geothermal Heat Pumps

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 The difference in the before and after system efficiency = carbon emissions savings.

 300,000 GSHP retrofits could save approximately the carbon emissions of a 500 mW coal plant (which serves 300,000 +/

-

homes!) ClimateMaster

Tri State Market

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 Kansas City, MO Vs. Louisville, KY  Kansas City – 4,750 heating degree days – 1,325 cooling degree days  Louisville – 4,610 Heating degree days – 1,443 cooling degree days ClimateMaster

Tri State Market

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 US DOE Build America model home – 2,400 sq. feet – 6 tons of heating & cooling – Gas water heater  GSHP with Desuperheater (TTS)  Vs. Packaged Single Zone Unit with Gas Furnace – 10 SEER central AC – 78 AFUE gas furnace ClimateMaster

Tri State Market

53 Electric (kWh)

Space Cool Heat Reject.

Refrigeration Space Heat HP Supp.

Hot Water Vent. Fans Pumps & Aux.

Ext. Usage Misc. Equip.

Task Lights Area Lights

Total Geo

2,392 6,489 3,110 1,510 9,770 2,643 25,913

Conventional

6,389 832 9,770 2,643 19,634 ClimateMaster

Tri State Market

54 Gas (kBtu)

Space Cool Heat Reject.

Refrigeration Space Heat HP Supp.

Hot Water Vent. Fans Pumps & Aux.

Ext. Usage Misc. Equip.

Task Lights Area Lights

Total

Geo 4,273 2,753 7,025 Conventional 174,696 17,523 2,753 194,972 ClimateMaster

Tri State Market

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 Combined Electric & gas savings (site Btu) – Geo  25,913 kWh X 3,413 Btu/kWh = 88,441,069 Btu  7,025,000 gas Btus  95,466,069 annual Btus  – Conventional gas & AC  19,634 kWh X 3,413 Btu/kWh = 67,010842 Btu  194,972,000 gas Btus  261,982,842 annual Btus 63.6 % annual savings – site Btu ClimateMaster

Tri State Market

56 Electric Demand (kW)

Space Cool Heat Reject.

Refrigeration Space Heat HP Supp.

Hot Water Vent. Fans Pumps & Aux.

Ext. Usage Misc. Equip.

Task Lights Area Lights

Summer peak

Geo 3.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.7

0.2

0.0

1.8

0.0

0.1

5.9

Conventional 7.6

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.4

0.0

0.0

1.8

0.0

0.1

9.8

4.5 kW /.8 kW/ton 40% peak demand reduction 4kW/.7 kW per ton ClimateMaster

Tri State Market

57 Monthly Electric Peak Demand Comparison at Different Peak Time

GSHP with Desuperheater HVAC System AC & Gas Furnace Peak Time 1/4/10 19:00 2/20/10 23:00 3/25/10 22:00 4/1/10 22:00 5/17/10 18:00 6/27/10 18:00 7/19/10 18:00 8/5/10 18:00 9/25/10 18:00 10/14/10 18:00 11/28/10 19:00 12/17/10 20:00 Max kw 7.74

7.56

7.17

5.42

4.30

5.34

5.80

5.86

4.59

4.85

6.16

8.18

Peak Time 1/4/10 19:00 2/20/10 20:00 3/25/10 21:00 4/28/10 18:00 5/17/10 18:00 6/27/10 18:00 7/23/10 18:00 8/4/10 18:00 9/25/10 18:00 10/14/10 18:00 11/28/10 19:00 12/17/10 19:00 Max kw 3.08

2.91

2.75

7.06

6.77

8.43

9.25

9.85

7.05

7.70

2.99

3.17

ClimateMaster

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Tri State Market

12,00 10,00 8,00 6,00 4,00 2,00 0,00 1

Monthly Electric Peak Demand Comparison at Different Peak Time

2 3 4 5 Proposed EER 18.5

6

Month

7 8 Baseline SEER 10 9 10 11 ClimateMaster 12

Tri State Market

59 Monthly Electric Peak Demand Comparison at Same Peak Time

Peak Time 1/4/10 19:00 2/20/10 20:00 3/25/10 21:00 4/28/10 18:00 5/17/10 18:00 6/27/10 18:00 7/23/10 18:00 8/4/10 18:00 9/25/10 18:00 10/14/10 18:00 11/28/10 19:00 12/17/10 19:00 GSHP with Desuperheater Max kw 7.74

7.38

7.17

4.44

4.11

4.99

5.48

5.61

4.14

4.53

6.16

8.07

Peak Time 1/4/10 19:00 2/20/10 20:00 3/25/10 21:00 4/28/10 18:00 5/17/10 18:00 6/27/10 18:00 7/23/10 18:00 8/4/10 18:00 9/25/10 18:00 10/14/10 18:00 11/28/10 19:00 12/17/10 19:00 Gas Furnace & AC Max kw 3.08

2.91

2.75

7.06

6.77

8.43

9.25

9.85

7.05

7.70

2.99

3.17

ClimateMaster

Tri State Market

60

12,00 10,00 8,00 6,00 4,00 2,00 0,00 1

Monthly Electric Peak Demand Comparison at Same Peak Time based on conventional system

2 3 4 Proposed EER 18.5

5 6

Month

7 Baseline SEER 10 8 9 10 11 ClimateMaster 12

Existing Housing Stock (# Homes) - 2005 Gas – 5.3 million Electric – 1.0 million Propane – 800k Heat Pump – 400k Oil – 200k Other – 200k EIA 2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey 61 Gas – 13.1million

Electric – 1.3 million Propane – 1.1 million Heat Pump – 800k Oil – 700k Other – 700k Gas – 5.7 million Electric – 4.3 million Propane – 800k Heat Pump – 900k Other – 400k

ClimateMaster

Geo Heat Pump Retrofits in Existing Homes - Example of Annual Energy and Carbon Savings Potential CO 2 – 8.4 MMT Summer Peak – 1.2 GW Winter Peak– 0.8 GW Electric – 6.3 Billion kWh Primary – 0.12 quad Btu Geo Units – 0.6 million Cost - $6 to $8 billion Savings - $1.6 billion / yr Assumed Market Penetration: 25% of homes without access to natural gas 62 CO 2 – 10.0 MMT Summer Peak – 1.9 GW Winter Peak– 0.3 GW Electric – 6.8 Billion kWh Primary – 0.14 quad Btu Geo Units – 1.0 million Cost - $10 to $14 billion Savings - $2.7 billion / yr CO 2 – 14.4 MMT Summer Peak – 3.1 GW Winter Peak– 9.7 GW Electric – 25.4 Billion kWh Primary – 0.21 quad Btu Geo Units – 1.5 million Cost - $15 to $21 billion Savings - $3.3 billion / yr

ClimateMaster

Geothermal Heat Pumps are the Most Efficient way to convert Green Energy into Heating, Cooling and Water Heating

63

Making the most effective use of this precious resource No Carbon Electricity = carbon free heating, cooling & water heating ClimateMaster

But….Geo plus PV (or micro wind) can provide a zero energy home/building with no net off-site electricity or fossil fuel required

65

The payback on Geothermal Systems is many times faster than solar PV

ClimateMaster

66

Market Growth

ClimateMaster

North American Geothermal Industry Shipments

Single Family Residential - 63% of Total

Continued Growth Despite a Slow Economy ClimateMaster

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68

GHP Market Growth

 Since their introduction in the 1980’s, over 1.5 million geothermal heat pumps have been installed in the united states ClimateMaster

69 Geothermal Heat Pump DOE Industry Roadmap Growth Goal 1 Million GHPs Annually by 2017 (39% CAGR) Results in 3.3 million cumulative GHP installations by 2017

 

26 MMT annual CO 2 reduction 520 MMT lifecycle CO 2 reduction over 20 yr GHP life Creates 100,000 new jobs Conventional A/C and heat pump market is 6 to 8 million units annually

ClimateMaster

70

Why All the Interest

?

ClimateMaster

71 Proven Technology

•Millions of units installed world-wide in commercial and residential applications

Most Energy-Efficient and Environmentally Friendly HVAC System Widely Available

•Water is a better heat transfer medium than air •Heat exchange loops tap the renewable energy of the Earth ClimateMaster

72 No Fossil Fuel

•Improves safety •Eliminates service lines, flues, outside air intakes •No site emissions

Long Equipment Life

•Factory sealed systems •Indoor installation – no exposure to the elements •Moderate compressor loading vs. air-source systems

Self Contained Compact Units

•Hidden within attics or installed in closets •No vandalism or theft concerns •Up-flow, horizontal, or down-flow single-package units •Split system and water-to-water units available •If outdoors •Better aesthetics •No noise ClimateMaster

73 Using a Single Geothermal Heat Pump is Equivalent to Planting an Acre of Trees

ClimateMaster

74

The payback on Geothermal Systems is many times faster than solar PV

ClimateMaster

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Geothermal Systems can be Classified as: Solar Geothermal Renewable

Alternative Demand-Side Conservation Energy-Efficiency Zero-Ozone Depleting Environmentally Responsible

ClimateMaster

Heat Pump Energy Efficiency

Take -aways

•

Geothermal is the most efficient method of heating and cooling a home

•

Geothermal is both a renewable and energy efficient technology

•

Geothermal reduces utility peaks and improves load factor

76

•

There is no question – IT DOES WORK!

ClimateMaster

77

Thank You For Your Attention!

Questions?

If you ever need a hand you can reach me at: Paul Bony [email protected]

970-249-8476

ClimateMaster