Transcript Lesson 37 and 38

Derived Verb Forms
So far we have studied the simple Hebrew verb, or the Qal form. The action of a Qal verb is
simple or basic, without nuance.
For example: ‫ שָׁ בַ ר‬is a third masculine singular Qal form of the root
translates as the simple action “he broke.”
‫( שבר‬to break) and
Hebrew has six other verb forms in addition to Qal. The six other verb forms change the simple
action of the verb to a more nuanced, complex action. In addition to simple action, we can have
intensive action or causative action.
Consider the following examples of simple, intensive, and causative action:
simple action: The man broke the vase.
intensive action: The man shattered the vase.
causative action: The man caused the vase to break.
Simple action is direct and conveys the most basic meaning of the verb.
Intensive action conveys an intensification of the meaning of the verb. In our example, “break”
becomes “shatter.”
Causative action is less direct. The man was the cause of the vase breaking but he did not necessarily
perform the actual action of breaking the vase.
In addition to the three types of action, verb forms may convey active, passive, or reflexive meaning. This
meaning relates to how the subject and action of a verb relate. Consider the following examples of active,
passive, and reflexive meaning:
active relationship: The king commanded the army.
passive relationship: The king was commanded by the army.
reflexive relationship: The king commanded himself.
First, let’s review…..
PNG
PNG
3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs
1cs
3cp
2mp
2fp
1cp
Qal Perfect
‫כ ַָתב‬
‫בה‬
ָָ ְ‫כָת‬
ָָ‫בת‬
ְָ ‫כ ַָת‬
ְָ‫בת‬
ְָ ‫כ ַָת‬
‫ב ִּתי‬
ְָ ‫כ ַָת‬
‫כָתְ בּו‬
ָ‫בת‬
ְָ ‫כ ְַת‬
‫ם‬
‫בתן‬
ְָ ‫כ ְַת‬
‫בנּו‬
ְָ ‫כ ַָת‬
3ms
he wrote
3fs
she wrote
2ms
you wrote
2fs
you wrote
1cs
I wrote
3mp
they wrote
3fp
you wrote
2mp
you wrote
we wrote
2fp
Qal
‫ָי ִּכְתׁב‬
‫תכְתׁב‬
ִָּ
‫תכְתׁב‬
ִָּ
‫בי‬
ִָּ ְָ‫תכְת‬
ִָּ
‫אָכְתָׁב‬
‫ָי ִּכְתְ בּו‬
ְָ ׁ‫תכְת‬
‫ב‬
ִָּ
‫נָה‬
‫תכְתְָבּו‬
ִָּ
ְָ ׁ‫תכְת‬
‫ב‬
ִָּ
‫נָה‬
Imperfect
he will write
she will write
you will write
you will write
I will write
they will write
they will write
you will write
you will write
Imperfect vs. Imperative…..
PNG
2ms
2fs
2mp
2fp
Imperfect
ָׁ‫תכְת‬
ִָּ
‫ב‬
‫בי‬
ִָּ ְָ‫תכְת‬
ִָּ
‫תכְתְָבּו‬
ִָּ
ָׁ‫תכְת‬
ִָּ
‫בנָה‬
ְָ
Imperative
you will write
you will write
you will write
you will write
‫כְתׁב‬
‫בי‬
ִָּ ְ‫ִּכת‬
‫ִּכתְ בּו‬
ָ‫ב ָנ‬
ְָ ׁ‫כְת‬
‫ה‬
(you) write!
(you) write!
(you) write!
(you) write!
Active and Passive Participle…..
Active Participle
PNG
Qal
ms
‫כֹּ תֵ ב‬
‫כֹּ תֶ בֶֶת‬
‫כֹּ תְ בֶים‬
‫כֹּ תְ בוֹּת‬
‫כָׁתּוב‬
‫כְ תּובֶָׁה‬
‫כְ תּובֶים‬
‫כְ תּובוֹּת‬
fs
mp
fp
Passive Participle
ms
fs
mp
fp
writing
writing
writing
writing
written
written
written
written
A Niphal has four possible meanings: incomplete passive, middle, reflexive, and resultative.
Incomplete passive
Passive means the action occurs to the subject instead of by the subject. For example: “the man was heard” is
passive, while “the man heard” is active. Incomplete means the agent performing the action of the verb is
missing. In our previous example, “the man was heard,” we are not told who heard the man. Our information
about the verb’s action is incomplete.
Virtually all Niphal verbs in the Hebrew Bible with a passive meaning do not specify the agent performing the
action on the subject. Consider the following examples.
Active (Qal)
The man heard.
We saw.
The people helped.
Incomplete Passive (Niphal)
The man was heard.
We were seen.
The people were helped.
Middle
Niphal verbs with a middle meaning are active in nature; however, the active action occurs to the subject instead of
by the subject.
Active (Qal)
Middle (Niphal)
He broke the vase.
The vase broke.
She opened the door. The door opened.
He started the car.
The car started.
Reflexive
Reflexive verbs have a specified object that reflects back to the subject. For example:
Active (Qal)
The man heard.
We saw.
The people helped.
Reflexive (Niphal)
The man heard himself.
We saw ourselves.
The people helped themselves.
Resultative
As the name suggests, the resultative meaning demonstrates a result. Another indicator of resultative meaning is
the need for a “to be” verb such as is or are. The resultative meaning is stative, describing the state of the subject.
Often the Resultative Niphal is in Participle form. Resultative describes the state of the subject as a result of some
previous verb action, actual or implied. For example:
Active (Qal)
He broke the vase.
She opened the door.
They found him.
Reflexive (Niphal)
The vase is broken.
The door is open.
He is found.
In English, many words have been changed as we reconcile meaning with pronunciation.
For example: Just as inaccurate means “not accurate”
inmovable “not movable”
Because “inmoveable” is difficult to pronounce, it eventually became “immovable”.
The “n” disappeared and the “m” doubled.
Other examples: inlegal - illegal
inrelevant - irrelevant
Some words did not change because they were easy to pronounce:
For example: Inexperienced, incorrect, infamous, ineffective
Hebrew does the same thing—we call it “Nun-Assimilation”
For example: (to fall) ‫ נָׁפַ ל‬would be ‫( ינְפֹּ ל‬he will fall) in the 3ms imperfect
But, that’s hard to pronounce—try it!
So instead, the nun drops off and the next consonant is doubled (In other
words, the nun has assimilated into the pe.) and we have (he will fall)
the 3ms imperfect.
ֶ‫ינְפֹּ ל‬
becomes
‫יפֹּ ל‬
‫יפֹּ ל‬
for
PNG
Qal
‫ נִּקְ ַטל‬he was killed
3fs
she killed
‫ נִּקְ טְ ָָלה‬she was killed
2ms
you killed
ָָ‫ נִּקְ ַט ְָלת‬you were killed
2fs
you killed
ְָ‫ נִּקְ ַט ְָלת‬you were killed
ְָׁ‫ נִּקְ ַט ְָל‬I was killed
1cs ‫ְתי‬
I
killed
ִָּ ‫קָ ַטל‬
‫ִּתי‬
3cp
‫ קָ טְ לּו‬they killed
‫ נִּקְ טְ לּו‬they were killed
ָ‫ נִּקְ ַט ְָלת‬you were killed
2mp ‫טלְתָם‬
ַ ְ‫ ק‬you killed
‫ם‬
2fp ‫טלְתָן‬
ַ ְ‫ ק‬you killed ‫ נִּקְ ַט ְָלתן‬you were killed
To summarize, the diagnostic features
ofְ‫ט‬
theְ‫נִּק‬
Niphal perfect are:
ַ
‫ְנ‬
‫ל‬
ָ
‫ת‬
1cp Nun‫ּו‬prefix
we were killed
1.
‫ קָ ַטלְנ‬we killed
2. Hireq vowel frequently beneath the nun ‫ּו‬prefix
3ms
3.
‫קָ ַטל‬
‫קָ טְ לָה‬
ָָ‫קָ ַטלְת‬
ְָ‫קָ ַטלְת‬
Niphal
he killed
Patakh vowel beneath the second root consonant
The perfect endings that help you identify
the person, number, and gender of the Qal
perfect verb are also the same for Niphal.
All Niphal perfect forms have a prefixed nun.
The presence of the nun prefix and the
perfect suffixes make identification of a
Niphal perfect straightforward.
Note the differences in the vowels of the Qal
and Niphal. The qamets beneath the first
root consonant of the Niphal reduces to a
shewa. Otherwise, the vowels of Qal and
Niphal are the same.
PNG
Qal
Niphal
‫ יִּקְ ּטׁל‬he will kill
‫ יִּקָ ֵטל‬he will be killed
3fs
‫ ִּתקְ ּטׁל‬she will kill
‫טל‬
ֵָ ָ‫ ִּתק‬she will be killed
2ms ‫תקְ ּטׁל‬
ִּ you will kill
‫טל‬
ֵָ ָ‫ ִּתק‬you will be killed
2fs
‫ ִּתקְ ּטְָ ִּלי‬you will kill ‫ ִּתקָ טְָ ִּלי‬you will be killed
1cs
‫ אקְ ּטָׁל‬I will kill
‫טל‬
ֵָ ָ‫ אק‬I will be killed
3mp
‫ יִּקְ ּטְ לּו‬they will kill
‫ יִּקָ טְ לּו‬they will be killed
‫ ִּתקְ ּטׁ ְָל‬they will kill ָ‫ט ְל ָנ‬
ַָ ָ‫ ִּתק‬they will be killed
3fp
‫נָה‬
‫ה‬
2mp
‫ ִּתקְ ּטְָלּו‬you will kill ‫ ִּתקָ טְָלּו‬you will be killed
‫ ִּתקְ ּטׁ ְָל‬you will kill ָ‫ט ְל ָנ‬
ַָ ָ‫ ִּתק‬you will be killed
2fp
‫נָה‬
‫ה‬
To summarize, the diagnostic features of the Niphal imperfect are:
1.1cpAssimilated
nun
consonant
we will killas a dagesh
we root
will be
killed
ִּ‫נ‬manifested
ֵ in the
ִּ‫ נ‬first
‫ל‬
ׁ‫ּט‬
ָ
ְ‫ק‬
‫ל‬
ָ
‫ט‬
ָ‫ק‬
2. Hireq vowel beneath the imperfect prefix
3ms
3. Qametz vowel beneath the first root consonant
The four prefixes ‫א‬, ‫נ‬, ‫ת‬, and ‫ י‬are consistent
for all imperfect verbs, whether they are
regular/strong or irregular verbs.
The nun is present in all forms of the
Niphal either as a visible nun or as a
dagesh in the first root consonant unless
a guttural or resh prevents the existence
of a dagesh. The nun assimilates only
when a prefix is added to the verb.
A hireq vowel is beneath most Niphal
imperfect prefixes except 1cs, which is a
segol.
A qamets is beneath many of the first root
consonant of all Niphal imperfects.
Note the differences between Qal 1cp and
Niphal 1cp. Both have a nun prefix but the
vowels of the second root consonant
should allow you to distinguish between
the two forms.
Qal
Imperative
Inf. Construct
Inf. Absolute
‫קְ טׁל‬
‫ִּקטְ ִָּלי‬
‫ִּקטְ לּו‬
‫קְ טׁ ְָל‬
‫נָה‬
‫קְ טׁל‬
‫קָ טֹול‬
Niphal
(you) kill!
(you) kill!
(you) kill!
(you) kill!
killing
to kill
‫ִּהקָ ֵטל‬
‫ִּהקטְ ִּלי‬
‫ִּהקָ טְ לּו‬
‫ִּהקָ ַט ְל ָנָה‬
‫ִּהקָ ֵטל‬
ָ‫ נִּקְ טֹול‬Type
be killed! (ms)
be killed! (fs)
be killed! (mp)
be killed! (fp)
being killed
to be killed
I
‫ ִּהקָ טֹול‬Type II
to be killed
As with Qal, the Niphal imperative
forms retain the imperfect suffixes.
As with the Qal ms imperative and
infinitive construct, the Niphal ms
imperative is identical to the Niphal
infinitive construct.
Unlike the Qal, the Niphal infinitive
absolute has two forms. The first
form has a nun prefix, while the
second form also has a he prefix,
forcing the nun to assimilate into
the first root consonant as a
dagesh. Also note the difference in
the first root consonant vowel.
The Niphal infinitive absolute
maintains the same diagnostic
characteristic of the Qal infinitive
absolute with the second root
consonant’s full holem vowel.
Qal
Imperative
Inf. Construct
Inf. Absolute
‫קְ טׁל‬
‫ִּקטְ ִָּלי‬
‫ִּקטְ לּו‬
‫קְ טׁ ְָל‬
‫נָה‬
‫קְ טׁל‬
‫קָ טֹול‬
Niphal
(you) kill!
(you) kill!
(you) kill!
(you) kill!
killing
to kill
‫ִּהקָ ֵטל‬
‫ִּהקָ טְ ִּלי‬
‫ִּהקָ טְ לּו‬
‫ִּהקָ ַט ְל ָנָה‬
‫ִּהקָ ֵטל‬
ָ‫ נִּקְ טֹול‬Type
be killed! (ms)
be killed! (fs)
be killed! (mp)
be killed! (fp)
Type I
1. Nun prefix
2. Hireq vowel beneath the
nun prefix
3. Second root consonant has
a full holem vowel
being killed
to be killed
I
To summarize, the diagnostic features of the Niphal imperativeto
and
beinfinitive
killed
Type II
construct are:
‫ִּהקָ טֹול‬
1.
2.
3.
4.
The diagnostic features of the
Niphal infinitive absolute are:
He prefix
Hireq vowel beneath the he prefix
Assimilated nun manifested as a dagesh in the first root consonant
Qametz vowel beneath the first root consonant
Type II
He prefix
1. Hireq vowel beneath the he
prefix
2. Assimilated nun manifested
as a dagesh in the first root
consonant
3. Qametz vowel beneath the
first root consonant
4. Second root consonant has
a full holem vowel
PNG
Passive
Participle
ms
fs
mp
fp
Qal
‫קָ טּול‬
‫קְ טּולָה‬
‫קְ טּו ִּלים‬
‫קְ טּולֹות‬
Niphal
killing
killing
killing
killing
‫נִּקְ ּטָ ל‬
‫נִּקְ ּטָ ָָלה‬
‫נִּקְ ּטָ ִָּלים‬
‫נִּקְ ּטָ לֹות‬
being killed
To summarize, the
diagnostic features of the
Niphal participle are:
being killed
being killed
being killed
1.
2.
3.
The Niphal does not have an active participle form. This is consistent with the passive
meaning of the Niphal verb form.
The Niphal passive participle has a nun prefix with a hireq vowel.
The characteristic suffixes should help you identify the verb as a participle. The nun
prefix should help you identify the verb as a Niphal participle.
The Niphal participle has a qamets vowel beneath the second root consonant.
The Niphal masculine singular participle (‫ )נִּקְ ּטָ ל‬is most commonly confused with the
Niphal 3ms perfect form (‫)נִּקְ טַ ל‬. The only difference is the vowel beneath the second root
consonant. Familiarize yourself with these two forms so as to avoid confusion.
Nun prefix
Hireq vowel beneath
the nun prefix
Qamets vowel
beneath the second
root consonant
The diagnostic features of the Niphal perfect are:
1. Nun prefix
2. Hireq vowel beneath the nun prefix
3. Patakh vowel beneath the second root consonant
The diagnostic features of the Niphal imperfect are:
1. Assimilated nun manifested as a dagesh in the first
root consonant
2. Hireq vowel beneath the imperfect prefix
3. Qametz vowel beneath the first root consonant
The diagnostic features of the Niphal imperative and
infinitive construct are:
He prefix
1. Hireq vowel beneath the he prefix
2. Assimilated nun manifested as a dagesh in the
first root consonant
3. Qametz vowel beneath the first root consonant
The diagnostic features of the Niphal infinitive
absolute are:
Type I
1. Nun prefix
2. Hireq vowel beneath the nun prefix
3. Second root consonant has a full holem vowel
Type II
1. He prefix
2. Hireq vowel beneath the he prefix
3. Assimilated nun manifested as a dagesh in the
first root consonant
4. Qametz vowel beneath the first root
consonant
5. Second root consonant has a full holem vowel
The diagnostic features of the Niphal participle are:
1. Nun prefix
2. Hireq vowel beneath the nun prefix
3. Qamets vowel beneath the second root consonant
For I-guttural, notice the tsere beneath the imperfect, imperative, and infinitive construct forms where the
Niphal standard has a hireq. Also notice that the I-guttural is missing a dagesh in the first root consonant. Both
of these I-guttural traits are a result of compensatory lengthening.
Tip: When you see a tsere beneath the prefix of any verb, check to see if the first root consonant is a
guttural. A tsere beneath a verb prefix is usually the result of compensatory lengthening caused by a Iguttural. Once recognized, the standard verb form can be reconstructed to identify the verb.
For the I-guttural and III-guttural imperfect, imperative, and infinitive construct, notice the qamets beneath the
second root consonant. This qamets is not impacted by the I-guttural and is one of the diagnostic features studied
previously in this lesson for Niphal imperfect, imperative, and infinitive construct verbs.
For the I-guttural perfect and participle, notice the segol vowel beneath the prefixed nun and the khatef segol
beneath the first root consonant. This vowel pattern is characteristic of the I-guttural Niphal.
For the I-guttural and III-guttural perfect, notice the presence of the patakh beneath the second root consonant.
The patakh is one of the diagnostic features studied previously in this lesson for Niphal perfect verbs.
For the III-gutturals, the replacement of the standard tsere beneath the second root consonant with a patakh is
the only change from the standard Niphal. The presence of each of the other diagnostic traits will help you
categorize a III-guttural as a Niphal despite the second root guttural vowel change.
I-Nun
The nun in the perfect, participle, and one of the infinitive absolutes is the nun prefix of the Niphal form.
The first root consonant nun has been assimilated into the second root consonant and appears as a dagesh.
For example: ‫ נצַ ל‬or
ֶָׁ‫נצַ לְ ת‬
The other forms (imperfect, imperative, infinitive construct, and one form of the infinitive absolute) retain
the first root consonant nun. The Niphal nun prefix is assimilated into first root consonant and appears as a
dagesh. For example: ‫ ינָׁצֵ ל‬or ‫תנָׁצַ לְ נָׁה‬
I-Yod
Originally most I-yod verbs were I-vav. The I-yod reverts to a I-vav in almost all conjugations of the Niphal. For
example: (3ms perfect)
‫נוֹּשַ ב‬
The Niphal prefixed nun assimilates into the first root consonant in the imperfect, imperative, infinitive
construct, and infinitive absolute conjugations and appears as a dagesh. For example:
‫תּוָׁשַ בְ נָׁה‬
III- Aleph
In the perfect 3ms and participles, the second root consonant vowel lengthens to a qamets instead of the
standard patakh. For example: (3ms perfect)
‫נ ְמצָׁ א‬
In the second person and first person perfect, the second root consonant is a tsere instead of a patakh.
For example: (2ms perfect) ֶָׁ‫נ ְמצֵ את‬
Overall the changes are minor to III-aleph Niphal verbs. Most diagnostic features remain, such as the presence
of the prefixed nun, actual or assimilated. Identification can still be achieved through recognition of diagnostic
features.
III-He
In the perfect, the second root consonant is either a qamets (3ms) or tsere yod instead of the standard
patakh. For example (2ms perfect)
ֶָׁ‫ נבְ נֵית‬or
(3ms perfect)
‫נבְ נָׁה‬
It is important to recognize the loss of the III-he in those conjugations with a suffix. Recall lessons 12 and 31
of the Lambdin textbook, where we studied Qal III-he verbs and learned the effects of a suffix on the III-he.
‫‪Review III-he characteristics….‬‬
‫‪III-he‬‬
‫‪standard‬‬
‫נבְ נָׁה‬
‫נבְ נְתָׁ ה‬
‫נבְ נֵיתֶָׁ‬
‫נבְ נֵיתְֶ‬
‫נבְ נֵיתי‬
‫נבְ נּו‬
‫נבְ נֵיתֶ ם‬
‫נבְ נֵיתֶ ן‬
‫נבְ נֵינּו‬
‫נִּקְ ַטל‬
‫נִּקְ טְ לָה‬
‫נִּקְ ַטלְתָָ‬
‫נִּקְ ַטלְתְָ‬
‫נִּקְ ַטלְְָׁ ִּתי‬
‫נִּקְ טְ לּו‬
‫נִּקְ ַטלְתָם‬
‫נִּקְ ַטלְתָן‬
‫נקטְ ַתלְנּו‬
‫‪3ms‬‬
‫‪3fs‬‬
‫‪2ms‬‬
‫‪2fs‬‬
‫‪1cs‬‬
‫‪3cp‬‬
‫‪2mp‬‬
‫‪2fp‬‬
‫‪1cp‬‬
‫‪Perfect‬‬