Comparative Anatomy Muscles & Digestive Sytem
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Transcript Comparative Anatomy Muscles & Digestive Sytem
Comparative Anatomy
Muscles
Note Set 8
Chapter 10
Muscles
Two muscle groups:
Somatic muscles
Operate head, trunk, limbs
Locomotion and orientation
Visceral muscles
Operate visceral skeleton
Digestion and respiratory movements
Cranial Nerves to Muscles
Figure 10.1: Facial nerves to muscles
Figure 10.2: Cranial nerves
Two Muscle Types
Somatic muscles
Skeletal muscle
Striated and voluntary
Visceral muscles
Smooth muscle
Non-striated and involuntary
Exception- branchiomerics (unsegmented)
Skeletal Muscles
Axial
Appendicular
Trunk and tail
Insert on girdles, fins, or limbs
Branchiomerics
Attached to visceral skeleton
Axial
Shark
Epaxial and hypaxial
muscles
Body wall muscles
Amphibians
Epaxials above transverse
process
Hypaxials along body
wall proper
Mammals
Epaxials subdivided
Hypaxials more complex
Figure 10.3: Trunk muscles of vertebrates.
Hypaxial and Epaxial Muscles
Figure 10.4: Epaxial and hypaxial mucles
Figure 10.5: Specific epaxial muscles
Abdominal Muscle Groups in Amniotes
Epaxials
Transversospinalis,
longissimus, iliocostalis
Hypaxials
Dorsomedials, laterals,
ventrals
Laterals- external oblique,
internal oblique, and
transverse abdominus
Ventral- rectus
abdominus
Figure 10.6: Epaxial and hypaxial muscles
Head Region
Figures 10.7: Myotomes in the head, neck,
and thoracic regions of the embryo.
Figure 10.8- Axial muscle origin and
innervation in vertebrate embryo.
Head Region
In branchial region, somites are broken down
Ventral slips of postbranchial somites become
hypobranchial musculature
Hypobranchial muscles give rise to:
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid
Tongue muslces
Geniohyoid
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Genioglossus
Lingualis propria
Appendicular Muscles
Extrinsic
Origin on axial skeleton or fascia of trunk
Insert on girdles and limbs
Intrinsic
Origin on girdles or proximal skeletal elements of
appendages
Insert on more distal skeletal elements
Intrinsic Muscles
Figure 10.9: Intrinsic muscles of pectoral girdle and forelimbs of mammals and their
homologues in reptiles.
Branchiomerics
Arises from lateral plate mesoderm
Mandibular (1st) arch
Hyoid arch
Arches IV to VI
Branchiomerics
Mandibular (1st) arch
Intermandibularis- digastic
Adductor mandibulae- masseter,
temporalis
Hyoid arch
Sphincter colli
Platysma and mimetics
integumentary muscles
Arches IV to VI
Trapezius, sternomastoid,
cleidomastoid
Figure 10.10: Branchiomeric muscles of
gnathostomes.
Branchiomeric Muscles
Figure 10.11: Branchiomeric muscles and their innervations.
Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Six eyeball muscles
2 obliques
Superior
and inferior on
anterior portion
4 rectus
Arise
in posterior portion
of orbit
Innervated by
oculomotor, trochlear,
and abducens
Figure 10.12: Innervation of eye muscle in
embryo.
Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Figure 10.13: Dorsal view of extrinsic
muscles of the left eyeball.
Figure 10.14: Lateral view of extrinsic
muscles of eyeball in humans.
Diaphragm
Mammalian muscle structure
Covers lungs and heart in abdominal cavity
Figure 10.15: Human diaphragm.
Dermal or Integumentary Muscles
Fish & tailed amphibiansskin is firmly attached to
musculature
Sphincter colli- first muscle
to move skin
Subdivides down neckplatysma
Extrinsic and intrinsic
muscle groups
Figure 10.16: Evolution of mammalian facial
muscles. Shows sphincter colli (SC) spreading into
platysma (P).
Extrinsic Integumentary Muscles
Costocutaneous muscles- allows rectilinear motion
(reptiles--snakes)
Panniculus carnosus-sheet surrounds body
Cutaneous maximus- to shake skin (higher mammals)
Patagial muscles- bat wings
Auricularis- moves human ear
Caninus muscle- arises with aggression
Intrinsic Integumentary Muscles
Arrectores plumarum (birds) & arrectores pilorum
(mammals)- errects hair and feathers
Specialized Muscles
Electric organs
In fish
Modified hypaxial muscles
Figure 10.17: Electric eel.
Literature Cited
Figure 10.1http://www.city.ac.uk/optometry/Biolabs/cranial%20nerves/cranial_nerves_lab.htm
Figure 10.2- http://mywebpages.comcast.net/epollak/PSY255_pix/PSY255_pix.htm
Figure 10.3, 10.8, 10.9, 10.11, 10.12, 10.13, 10.16- Kent, George C. and Robert K. Carr.
Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.
Figure 10.4 & 10.5- http://www.mut.ac.th/~vet/Anat-html/muscle/muscle.html
Figure 10.6, 10.10- http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes6.htm
Figure 10.7- http://connection.lww.com/products/sadler/imagebank.asp
Figure 10.14- http://www.bmb.leeds.ac.uk/illingworth/motors/myosin.htm
Figure 10.15- http://whyfiles.org/204endurance_training/2.html
Figure 10.17- http://www.aqua.org/animals_electriceel.html