Transcript CROSS-BAR SWITCHING
CROSS-BAR SWITCHING
ELC 524E Monday, 20 th February 2012
HISTORY OF CROSS-BAR EXCHANGES • 1915: Bell company Western Electric's "coordinate selector" • 1919: Swedish governmental agency designs Gotthilf Betulander design • 1938: AT&T's 1XB crossbar exchanges developed by Bell Telephone Labs
GENERAL DEFINITION • A switch connecting multiple inputs to multiple outputs in a matrix manner. N-Inputs M-Inputs • Other Types of Switches: – Rotating Switch – Memory Switch
3X3 CROSSBAR SWITCH(1)
3X3 CROSSBAR SWITCH(2)
3X3 CROSSBAR SWITCH(3)
3X3 CROSSBAR SWITCH(4)
6X6 CROSSBAR SWITCH
Activation Sequence:
1. Energize Horizontal Bar 2. Energize Vertical Bar 3. De-Energize Horizontal Bar
NON-BLOCKING X-BAR
N Inputs N - Outputs
Number of Switches - N 2 Number of Connections – N/2
COST -CAPACITY
Number of Subscribers 4 16 64 128 Switches 16 256 4,096 16,384 S/Capacity 2 8 32 64 EUF (Capacity/Sw) 0.125
0.03125
0.0078125
0.00390625
DIAGONAL CONNECTION X-BAR(1)
DIAGONAL CONNECTION X-BAR(2)
Number of Cross-points = N(N-1)/2
N 4 16 64 128 SW-XBAR 16 256 4,096 16,384 SW-DIAGONAL X-BAR 6 120 2,016 8,128
DOUBLE-SWING HORIZONTAL SWITCH BARS
Double-Swing X-bars
Vertical Hold X-bars
A B C D E F G
BLOCKING CROSS-BAR (1)
P Q R P’ Q’ R’
A B C D E F G
BLOCKING CROSS-BAR (2)
P Q R R’ Q’ P’
No. Switches = 2NK •N = Number Subscriber •K = Max No. of Connections
BLOCKING CROSS-BAR WITH TRANSFER LINES
P Q R R’ Q’ P’ A B C D E F G
No. Switches = N2(K+L) •N = Number Subscriber •K = Max No. of Local Connections •L = Max No. of Outgoing Lines OGT1 OGT 2
TYPES OF X-BAR SWITCHES: MINI-SWITCH
TYPES OF X-BAR SWITCHES: REED SWITCH
CROSS-BAR EXCHANGE ORGANIZATION (1) Dial Tone Marker Links Subscriber Lines 1 - N Primary Switch Secondary Switch Establishment/Completing Marker DT REG 1 - N IOT 1 - N ICT 1 - N OGT 1 - N Trunk Frame
CROSS-BAR EXCHANGE ORGANIZATION (2)
SUBSCRIBER LOOP SIGNALLING
ELC 523 E Monday 20 February 2012
TYPES OF SIGNALLING
1. Subscriber loop signalling 2. Inter-exchange signalling 3. Intra-exchange or register signalling.
FIVE SIGNALLING FUNCTIONS BY OPERATOR 1. Respond to the calling subscriber to obtain the identification of the called party.
2. Inform the calling subscriber that the call is being established.
3. Ring the bell of the called party.
4. Inform the calling subscriber, if the called party is busy.
5. Inform the calling subscriber, if the called party line is not obtainable for some reason.
DIAL TONE 1. Indicates that the exchange is ready to accept dialled digits from the subscriber. 2. The subscriber should start dialling only after hearing the dial tone.
3. Else, initial dial pulses may be missed by the exchange which may result in the call landing on a wrong number or exchange timing out
RINGING CURRENT
• When the called party line is obtained, the exchange control equipment sends out the ringing current to the telephone set of the called party
BUSY TONE
NUMBER UNOBTAINABLE
ROUTING TONE
OR
CALL-IN-PROGRESS TONE
RINGING TONE
• As the ringing current is transmitted to the called subscribe, the control equipment sends out a ringing tone to the calling subscriber