Transcript Intro to Construction 1 - Civil and Environmental Engineering
Construction Methods & Management
CIEG 486-010
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010
Construction Managers
must be both… …business and technically oriented
Construction Education Options
Education Format • Traditional • CEM • BC • CM
Construction Education Options • Engineering (civil or architectural) –Specialization/area of concentration –Curriculum Elective
Construction-Focused Education
CEM Civil Engineering Applied Technology or Professional Studies Architecture CM BCM
School of Construction
Construction Management Education
• National CEM Programs – Stanford University – University of Michigan – Virginia Tech – Purdue University – University of Illinois-UC – Oregon State University – University of Colorado – NC State
Construction Management Education
• National BCM Programs – Georgia Tech – University of Florida – Purdue University – Virginia Tech – Auburn University – Georgia Southern University – University of North Florida
Construction Education Options
• National CM Programs – Arizona State University – Florida International University – Colorado State – Clemson – University of Washington – Michigan State University – Brigham Young – Wentworth Institute of Technology
Construction Education Options
• Graduate Construction Programs – Stanford University – University of Colorado – University of Michigan – Virginia Tech – University of Southern California – Arizona State University – Florida International University – Texas A&M
Construction Education Options
Construction Management
• Interdisciplinary Education • Practice rather than theory based • Foundation of Business and Science Courses • Architectural & Engineering Coursework • Core of Construction Management Courses
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010 B.S.C.M. Coursework
Engineering subjects • Strength of Materials • Statics and Structures • Soil Mechanics • Steel and Concrete Design • Surveying
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010 B.S.C.M. Coursework
Business Management • Accounting • Economics • Statistics • Financial Mgt.
• Contract Law
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010
B.S.C.M. Curriculum Course Distribution Business 15% Engineering (incl math & science) 34% Architecture 8% Liberal Arts 13% Construction Mgt.
30%
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010 Licensing/Certifications
• •
Professional Engineer’s License
local governing board.
issued by state or • •
Certified Constructor
of Constructors (AIC).
issued by the American Institute
Certified Construction Manager
issued by Construction Management Association of America (CMAA)
Project Management Professional
(PMP) by the Project Management Institute (PMI)
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010 Basic Skills needed by Construction Managers
– Estimating – Computer – Leadership/supervisory – Communication = writing and oral skills – Negotiating – Team Building
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010
Construction Management Functions • Coordination • Planning & Scheduling • Purchasing & Expediting • Supervision • Cost Control • Documentation and Reporting
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010
Construction Management Functions • Quality Control/Quality Assurance • Estimating • Safety and Risk Management • Contract Administration • Claims Analysis/Avoidance
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010
Additional Skills & Knowledge needed by Construction Engineers • Surveying (GPS, GIS, Hydrographic) • Structural Design • CADD/Drafting • Specialization in Mechanical, Electrical, Chemical, or Environmental disciplines
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010
Construction Engineering Functions
• Preparation and Review of Shop Drawings • Constructibility & Sequencing Studies • Value Engineering • Erection Diagrams and Procedures • Survey & Layout
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010
Executive Functions • Corporate Management • Strategic Planning • Marketing & Business Development • Public Relations • Labor Relations
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010
Executive Functions • Ultimately responsible for quality, safety, production, and general financial health.
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010 Construction training can be valuable to design professionals……
• To enable them to produce practical and efficient designs • Develop needed management skills • Learn scheduling techniques that can be applied to the preconstruction process
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010
Project Life Cycle
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010
Life Cycle of a Constructed Facility
1. Concept and Feasibility 2. Engineering and Design 3. Procurement 4. Construction 5. Startup and Implementation 6. Operation or Utilization
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010
What is Construction?
Application of art and science Inherently dangerous Organized chaos Mankind using creativity, knowledge, strength, determination, and persistence to control his environment
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010
• • • •
Construction differs from manufacturing in that:
Not performed in controlled conditions, therefore highly impacted by weather and other environmental conditions Seasonality Each project is unique Remotes sites with various access problems
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010
Construction differs from manufacturing in that:
• • • • Process is not as predictable Difficulty in applying automation High potential for encountering unforeseen conditions Costs can vary according to conditions
Construction differs from manufacturing in that: • • • • • Difficult to manage and supply utilities and other resources.
Technical innovations are adopted slower.
Success is dependent upon the quality of its people.
Very custom-oriented Product can be of mind-boggling size, cost, and complexity
Problems Facing Construction Industry: • • • • • Highly traditional and fragmented; slow to embrace new technology Restrictive/outdated building codes Labor agreements and craft jurisdictional issues Liability and legal considerations Lack of profit motive or other incentive
Problems Facing the Construction Industry: • • • • Government regulation Environmental constraints NIMBY syndrome Global competition
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010
“The Blame Game”
Overview of the Construction Industry
• 10% of GNP • Employs over 10,000,000 workers • Annual Volume exceeds $800 billion • Vital to the Nation’s economic health and quality of life
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010
Industry Divisions
1. Residential Construction 2. (Institutional & Commercial) Building Construction 3. Heavy Construction 4. Industrial Construction
Overview of the Construction Industry
Industry Divisions 1. Residential Construction 2. (Institutional & Commercial) Building Construction 3. Heavy Construction 4. Industrial Construction
Overview of the Construction Industry
• • •
Residential
Types – Single family houses – Multi family dwellings – High-rise apartments & condominiums 30-35 % of the industry Low capital and technology requirements
Overview of the Construction Industry
• • • •
Residential
(continued) Largely private Often speculative Developers = surrogate owners Designed by architects, builders/developers
Overview of the Construction Industry
•
Building Construction
– Institutional and Commercial Construction Schools and universities – Medical clinics and hospitals – Recreational facilities and sports stadiums
Overview of the Construction Industry
Building Construction
– – – – Retail stores and shopping centers Warehouses and light manufacturing Office buildings (single story to sky scrappers) Hotels, convention centers, and theaters
Overview of the Construction Industry
•
Building Construction
Institutional and Commercial Construction – Churches and Synagogues – – Prisons Courthouses and other government buildings
Overview of the Construction Industry
• • • •
Building Construction
35-40 % of construction market Larger and more complex than residential Various owners (mostly private) Designed by architects and engineers
Overview of the Construction Industry
• • •
Heavy Construction
Horizontal Construction 20-25% of the construction industry Mostly public financing or large consortium
Overview of the Construction Industry
• • • • • •
Heavy Construction
Highway & Bridges Railroads & Urban Transit Systems Tunnels and Dams Airports Canals Port & harbor structures
Overview of the Construction Industry
Heavy Construction
• Pipelines • Sewer Systems • Water treatment & distribution systems • Power & communication networks • Landfills
Overview of the Construction Industry
Heavy Construction
• Mass quantities of basic materials: earth, rock, steel, timber, and concrete • Constructors need knowledge of engineering and geology • Engineers and builders are often specialized
Overview of the Construction Industry
• • •
Heavy Construction
Greatest impact on land and water High degree of mechanization Contracts awarded through competitive bidding
Overview of the Construction Industry
• • • •
Industrial Construction
Very large scale projects High degree of technological complexity Designed and built by the largest firms with the highest level of technical sophistication Represent 5-10% of the market
Overview of the Construction Industry
Industrial Construction
• Petroleum refineries • Steel mills & aluminum plants • Chemical processing plants
Overview of the Construction Industry
Industrial Construction
• Fossil fuel & nuclear power plants • Other heavy manufacturing facilities
Overview of the Construction Industry
• • •
Industrial Construction
Complex mechanical systems, process piping, and instrumentation Civil, but also mechanical, chemical, and electrical engineering disciplines involved Mostly private ownership (in western countries)
Overview of the Construction Industry
• • •
Industrial Construction
Negotiated contracts are typical “Turnkey” contract arrangements are common Design-constructor must be intimately familiar with the technology and operations of the facility
Overview of the Construction Industry
Construction Industry is further subdivided into sectors or segments by : • Public vs. private ownership/funding • Union labor vs. open shop • Organization and method of project delivery • Type of work: new vs. rehab/retrofit/restoration • Contract type
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010 Participants in the Construction Process
1. Owner • • • Private or public Conceives the construction project Increasing level of sophistication
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010 Participants in the Construction Process
2. Designer • • • • Architects Size of firms ranging form single practitioner to large integrated firms Mostly building and residential construction • Engineers Civil, mechanical, structural, electrical,chemical, environmental, geotechechnical, and multidiscipline
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010 Participants in the Construction Process
3. General Contractor
• • • • General contractor also called “Prime” contractor Specialty contractors working as subcontractors Organization ranges from small, one-person company to large, integrated A/E/C firms Part of a design-build team
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010 Participants in the Construction Process
4. Construction Manager
• • • • Two principle divisions of CM CM for Fee (management services only) CM At Risk – Operates similarly to a GC or DB with no labor or capital equipment Can encompass the management of the design process as well as construction CM services including inspection and overall project or program management
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010 Participants in the Construction Process
5.
6.
7.
Suppliers Manufactures, distributors, research, promotions Materials and equipment sales Equipment Rental Fabricators Structural steel, pre-castors, wood products Labor/Trade Unions
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010 Participants in the Construction Process
8.
Government Federal, State, local, and quasi-government Owner/client GSA, DOT’s, School Districts, USACOE Non-ownership functions Taxation and regulation Federal: IRS, OSHA, USACOE, DOL, NLRB, HUD (FHA), FHWA, FAA, EPA, and several others State: DOL, DEP/DNREC, historic preservation (SHPO) Local: County/City/Township Building Officials, Planning Boards, and Zoning Commissions Quasi-government agencies: development authorities, bridge and turnpike commissions
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010 Participants in the Construction Process
9.
Utility Companies Electric, communications, water, gas,sanitary sewer Private petroleum pipelines Owner or service provider Integral part of the process Existing facilities in conflict with new construction Interruption of service can be very costly
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010 Participants in the Construction Process
10. Industry Associations Organizations of construction contractors Organizations of the design and management professions Construction material and equipment suppliers and product research Construction labor organizations Coordination and arbitration Inspection, specifications, and costs
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010
10. Industry Associations • • • • • • Functions and services Industry information and communication Development and maintenance of standards Interindustry coordination Collective bargaining Statistics (market & industry) Meetings and conventions
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010
10. Industry Associations • • • • • • • • Functions and services Public relations Joint industry promotions Management education Market development Apprenticeship training Legislative Government relations Product research
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010 Participants in the Construction Process
11. Professional Services Business/management consultants Legal council CPA firms Surety Companies Financial Institutions/Lenders Insurance agents
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010 Participants in the Construction Process
12. Adjacent Owners and the Public At Large Existing businesses, institutions, and residences adjacent to the constructed facility Civic organizations and community groups Railroads and public lands
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010 Project Delivery Organization
• Construction by owners forces • Owner-managed construction • Construction by general contractor • Design-build team • CM Contract
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010
Construction employing owner forces – Usually small in-house construction or renovations – Industrial projects or institutional (such as hospitals or schools Owner-managed construction – Residential/commercial building developers – Industrial or institutional
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010
Construction by General Contractor – Also referred to as “Prime Contractor” – Most common method of delivery – Contractor bears substantial risks and financial responsibility – Facility designed by in-house architect/engineer or by design consultants – Often requires specialty subcontractors
Specialty contractors might include those specializing in one of the following: • Excavation • Steel erection • Concrete – Cast-in-place – Prestressed/Precast • Masonry • Timber/wood framing • Piping/plumbing • Clearing and grubbing • Blasting/demolition • Electrical • Painting • HVAC • Environmental remediation • Many, many others
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010
Design-Build (Turnkey) – Single firm or team responsible for design and construction minimizes coordination problems – More efficient designs with the interjection of constructibility and innovation – Often employs fast-track construction – Benefits include reduced overall delivery time and “one stop shopping” for the owner – Disadvantages include complexity of evaluating proposals
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010
CM Contract -- Fee (management services only) also referred to as
“Agency”
– Specialized construction skills through all project stages including preconstruction – Provides close coordination between design and construction – Eliminates impact of conflicts of interest – Independent and objective evaluation of costs, schedules, and performance – Potential saving in time and cost – Disadvantages include no risks associated with costs increase
Construction Methods & Management CIEG 486-010
CM Contract – “At-Risk” – CM assumes financial risks similar to a GC – CM manages all phases of the work without performing any actual work tasks – CM’s only resources are management personnel – Contractors/subcontractors have a direct contract privity with CM – Contract form is often a negotiated guaranteed maximum price arrangement – Disadvantages includes lack of impartiality