PLATE TECTONICS http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/plate_tectonics/introduction.html

Continental Crust http://www.amonline.net.au/geoscience/images/earth_diagrams/cont_oceanic_crust.gif

• Cooling rate • Crystal size • Density • Composition • Thickness

Oceanic Crust http://faculty.weber.edu/bdattilo/parks/plume_ocean.jpg

• Cooling rate • Crystal size • Density • Composition • Thickness

Lithosphere/Asthenosphere

Tectonic Plate • is a rigid piece of lithosphere floating on a partially plastic substrate (asthenosphere).

Pangea http://geology.csupomona.edu/drjessey/class/Gsc101/Plate.html

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/glossary/Pangaea.shtml

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/glossary/Pangaea.shtml

Evidence for Plate Tectonics • Continents ‘fit’ together

Evidence for Plate Tectonics • Continents ‘fit’ together • Fossil evidence

Evidence for Plate Tectonics • Continents fit together • Fossil distribution • Glacier evidence: deposits, striations

Evidence for Plate Tectonics • Continents fit together • Fossil distribution • Glacier evidence: deposits, striations • Climate distribution

Location of Trenches, Ridges, Mountains http://geology.csupomona.edu/drjessey/class/Gsc101/Plate.html

http://geology.csupomona.edu/drjessey/class/Gsc101/Plate.html

Evidence for Plate Tectonics • Continents fit together • Fossil distribution • Glacier evidence: deposits, striations • Climate distribution • Location of mountain ridges, rifts, mid-ocean ridges, trenches

Testing the Sea-Floor Spreading Hypothesis

Magnetization http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/tecmech.html

Evidence for Plate Tectonics • Continents fit together • Fossil distribution • Glacier evidence: deposits, striations • Climate distribution • Location of mountain ridges, rifts, mid-ocean ridges, trenches • Magnetic pattern of rock

Same Age Rocks http://geology.csupomona.edu/drjessey/class/Gsc101/Plate.html

Evidence for Plate Tectonics • Continents fit together • Fossil distribution • Glacier evidence: deposits, striations • Climate distribution • Location of mountain ridges, rifts, mid-ocean ridges, trenches • Magnetic pattern of rock • Common rock formations: same age

Volcano http://cgz.e2bn.net/e2bn/leas/c99/schools/cgz/accounts/staff/rchambers/GeoBytes%20GCSE%20Bl og%20Resources/Images/Plate%20Tectonics/Plate%20Tectonics/VolcanoStructure.jpg

Earthquake • http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/spl/hi/world/04/earthquake/img/earthquake.gif

Ring of Fire http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/understanding.html

The Hawaiian - Emperor Volcanic Chain

LOCATION OF HOT SPOTS

Evidence for Plate Tectonics • Continents fit together • Fossil distribution • Glacier evidence: deposits, striations • Climate distribution • Location of mountain ridges, rifts, mid-ocean ridges, trenches • Common rock formations: same age • Magnetic pattern of rock • Location of earthquakes and volcanoes

How does it work?

Wegener’s Continental Drift

Wegener’s Theory Problems 1) Continents plowing through the crust would destroy the crust 2) Continents are not moving apart at the speed Wegener proposed

• Didn’t have a good explanation of the mechanism involved

Holme’s Convection Currents

Convection currents • Gravity causes the heated mantle to sink • The mantle heats up near the core and then rises again • Conduction is the transfer of heat between 2 materials in direct contact with each other library.thinkquest.org/C003124/images/convect.jpg

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=SCE304 Click animation

• Movement of mantle by convection allows melting and force to move plates

CONVECTION

http://geology.csupomona.edu/drjessey/class/Gsc101/Plate.html

Hot Spots – Hawaiian Islands http://geology.com/nsta/plate-tectonics-cover.gif

Evidence for Convection

Sea-Floor Spreading Hypothesis by Hess & Deitz CLICK Animation: http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/glossary/s_u/sea_flr_spread.html

SEA FLOOR SPREADING

SUBDUCTION

Types of Plate Boundaries

Plate Boundary Transform, Divergent & Convergent http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~barnes/ast110_06/tprai/Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png

SIMULATIONS ON ALL BOUNDARY TYPES CLICK http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/tectonics/shockwave.html

CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES

Types of Plate Boundaries • Convergent boundaries

Convergent Boundary Oceanic & Continental CLICK http://geology.com/nsta/convergent-boundary-oceanic-continental.gif

Andes Mountains Convergent Oceanic & Continental blue.utb.edu/paullgj/images/Conv_Cont_Ocean.JPG

CLICK http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/tectonics/convergent.html

Convergent Boundary Oceanic & Oceanic http://geology.com/nsta/convergent-boundary-oceanic-oceanic.gif

Japan or Aleutian Islands Convergent Oceanic & Oceanic ceeps.colostate-pueblo.edu/.../smM1P1Fig15.gif

Convergent Boundary Continental & Continental http://geology.com/nsta/convergent-boundary.gif

Himalayas Convergent Continental & Continental CLICK Convergent Simulation http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/tectonics/crush.html

DIVERGENT PLATES

Types of Plate Boundaries • Convergent Boundaries • Divergent Boundaries

Divergent Boundary Oceanic • Sea-floor spreading, Mid-Ocean Ridges CLICK http://geology.com/nsta/divergent-boundary-oceanic.gif

Mid Atlantic Ridge Divergent Oceanic • http://www.odp.usyd.edu.au/odp_CD/sr/images/textpics/Fig7.gif

DIVERGENT SIMULATIONS CLICK http://geology.com/plate-tectonics.shtml

CLICK http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/tectonics/divergent.html

• Rift Valley Divergent Boundary Continental http://geology.com/nsta/divergent-boundary-continental.gif

Mid Atlantic Ridge Divergent Oceanic • http://www.odp.usyd.edu.au/odp_CD/sr/images/textpics/Fig7.gif

DIVERGENT SIMULATIONS CLICK http://geology.com/plate-tectonics.shtml

CLICK http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/tectonics/divergent.html

TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES

Types of Plate Boundaries • Convergent boundaries

Transform Boundary TRANSFORM SIMUALTIONS CLICK http://geology.com/nsta/transform-boundary.gif

CLICK http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/tectonics/transform.htm

San Andreas Fault Transform Boundary www.wiley.com/college/herenow/ptect/pt-map1.gif

Types of Plate Boundaries • Convergent Boundaries • Divergent Boundaries • Transform Boundaries

http://geology.csupomona.edu/drjessey/class/Gsc101/Plate.html

Location of Plate Boundaries

Seven Major Plates

• • • • • • •

Pacific North American South American African Eurasian Antarctic Indo-Australian

External Energy For Earth • Sun & Moon keeps air and sea in motion, shapes surface • Sun warms atmosphere & crust unevenly creating winds • Winds drive ocean currents and water cycle • Erosion from winds, rains, rivers, glaciers, and waves shape surface • Weathering from winds and rains • Sun & Moon Gravitational Energy, produces tides • Planetesimal collisions

Internal Energy for Earth • Radioactive element decay • Core heat from layers pressure • Convection currents • Volcanoes • Hot Springs • Earthquakes