Kingdom Monera (Bacteria)

Ciera Verschneider 2009

Characteristics of Bacteria • 1 celled organism (unicellular) • Does not have a nuclear membrane • Chromosome is a single long chain • Lacks organelles like mitochondria or chloroplasts • how big are they? http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/conten t/begin/cells/scale/

Shapes • Cocci • Round spheres

Bacilli • Rods (pieces of chalk)

• Corkscrews Spirilli

Movement • Some bacteria have flagella to help them move • Flagella are whiplike tails

Reproduction • Fission • One parent cell splits into 2 daughter cells

after doubling its DNA

• Daughter cells are clones

Breathing • Aerobes use oxygen • Anaerobes do not use oxygen

Cyanobacteria • Blue green bacteria make food using • Sunlight, CO • Chlorophyll 2 , and water due to a colored pigment called

Good bacteria • Used to make foods like • Cheese • Sauerkraut • Yogurt • And vinegar

Saprophyte • Decomposer: breaks down dead materials • (recycles)

Nitrogen fixing bacteria • Help farmers to grow plants • (works like fertilizer)

Industry uses for • Make medicine, • Enzymes, • Cleaners • Glues • Etc.

Bad Bacteria • Pathogen • Bacteria that causes disease • Treat with ANTIBIOTICS • Prevent with VACCINATION

Virus • No cells • Only reproduce inside other cells • No form of respiration (energy)

Graphic image on next slide

Smallpox

Reproduction • Attach to outside of host cell • Inject DNA into host, becomes part of host DNA

• Copy: host makes copies of virus • Release: host cell bursts, viruses leave to infect new cells

Prevent with VACCINE • First vaccine made by Jenner in 1600’s • Used his SON to prevent SMALLPOX

To make a vaccine • 1. Kill virus DNA

• 2. Inject dead virus into an animal • 3. Animal makes memory cells (white blood cells or T4 cells) • 4. That is your immune system • WBC’s make antibodies (14-21 days) • 5. BAM! next time it recognizes the protein coat of a real one, • Kills it dead

Famous Science Dudes • Leeuvenhoek • Microscope

2. Edward Jenner • 1600’s • Made first vaccine to smallpox virus • Tested it on his son

3. Louis Pasteur (1850’s) • Proved bacteria cause disease • Created first rabies vaccine • Pasteurization • Quickly heat and then cool milk • To kill bacteria, but keeps flavor

4. Josef Lister (1850’s) • Germ Theory of Disease • Proved patients would live if doctors and nurses washed their hands in carbolic acid • Hospitals were a place to go to die • They smelled like rotting meat

Alexander Fleming (1928) $ went away for vacation, and left some agar plates on the shelf $ came back and noticed no bacteria were growing around a spot of fungus • The fungus was Penicillium notatum, and we now use an extract of the fungus as PENICILLIN (an antibiotic) • Penicillin does not let bacteria form a cell wall

5. Jonas Salk (1940’s) • Polio vaccine