Transcript 第3组Language and culture

Chapter 7 Language
and social culture
Group 3 周荣兰 蒋玉玲 汪永波
简永波 王存林
Language Varieties
(语言多样性)-----outline
• 1.Language and society
•
A.Language as a social activity
•
B.The definition of sociolinguistics
•
C.Relation between language and society
with the help of examples
• 2.Dialect varieties
•
A.Regional dialect
•
B.Temporal dialect
•
C.Sociolect/social dialect
•
D.Standard dialect
•
E.Idiolect
The understanding of
Language Varieties
• Variety is a generic term for aparticular
coherent form of language in which
specific extralinguistic criteria can be used
to define it as a variety.
• Language showing variation in space,
time and social distance.
examples
• A geographically defined variety is known
as a dialect
• A functional variety as jargon
• A variety with a social basis as a sociolect
• A situative variety as a register
Language variety may
include three terms
• Lingua franca(通用语)
• Pidgin(洋泾滨英语---混杂行话)
• Creole(克里奥尔语)
Lingua franca(通用语)
• Lingua franca is the general term
for a language that serves as a
means of communication
between different groups of
speakers.
• Eg:English ,Putonghua
Pidgin(洋泾滨英语---混杂行话)
• Pidgin refers to a contact language that
arises in situations where speakers of
different languages can not understand
each other’s first language or native
language and ,thus,need to develop a
common means of communication.
• Eg ：做了他 / 条子
Creole(克里奥尔语)
• Creoles are former pidgins whose functional and
grammatical limitations and simplily
simplification have been eliminated and which
now function as full-fledged,standardized native
languages .
• 克里奥尔语是混杂行话的前生，其功能和语法上
的局限性及简化性以被摒弃，如今它被作为一种
正式的，标准的本地语言而运用。
1.Language and society
Language is the most important tool of human
communication, by which people preserve
and transfer of human civilization
achievements.No one would deny the
relation of language to social culture of the
language.The definition of language often
includes a reference to social culture.Some
linguists attempt to arrive at an
understanding of the general principle
governing both language and its use in
sociocultural context.
• examples:
• London English/Oxford
English/Cambridge accent/New York
English/DC English/学生语言/娘娘腔/领
导者语言/农民语言/郊区语言/平话
Language as a social
activity
• The close relationship between language and
society can be evidenced in that though
language is actualized through the mind and
the mouth of the individual, we can see
language is actualized through the mind and
the mouth of the individual, we can see that
one not only speaks but speaks to others, to
inform or to persuade them.
Two manifestations(两个表现)
• Internal authority: self-adaptation in L1
acquisition = learn to model after the adults
especially one’s parents in language
behaviors such as a family or community.
• External authority: self-adaptation in L2
learning = learn to model after the instructors
or native speakers in language behaviors in
an institutional setting such as a formal class,
or school.
The definition of sociolinguisitics
（社会语言学定义）
• Sociolinguisitics is the subdiscipline of linguistics
that treats the social aspects of language, and it
can therefore be defined as the study of
language in relation to society.（《语言概论》李
学珍 ）
• there is a long tradition in the study of dialects
and in the general study of the relation between
language and the society at large,both of which
are considered to belong under the general
heading of sociolinguistics, the study of the
language of real people in the real world.
Relation between language and
society（语言和社会的关系）
• Language is a part of society and plays a
very important role in it.
Example:
• language reflects the ideas, customs, and
behavior of people in society.
Example:
Languages develop with the development
of society.
Example: quanlity/complexity
Dialect
• A language is typically composed of a
number of dialects.
• Dialect refers to any regional,social or
ethnic variety of a language.
Dialect varieties
• (1)regional dialect（区域方言）
• (2)temporal dialect（暂时性方言---现世方
言）
• (3)sociolect/social dialect（社会方言）
• (4)standard dialect（标准方言）
• (5)idiolect /personal language（个人习
语）
Regional Dialect
• Regional dialect is a linguistic variety used
by people living in the same geographical
region(e.g.Br.E.&Am.E.).
Example
• 我不想去玩
Temporal dialect
(暂时性方言---现世方言)
Middle English, Medieval English, Old
English, Anglo-Saxon English,
synchronic linguistics and diachronic
linguistics
Social Dialect/Sociolect
• Social dialect is the linguistic variety characteristic of a
particular social class.
• example
A When people phrasing approval or liking
women:charming,cute,divine,lovely,sweet
Men:fine,good,great(if necessary ,they reinforce it with
such an verb as damn,as in “that was a damn good
show”)
B In Chinese, people from different social classes may use
夫人、太太、爱人、妻子、老婆、屋里的to refer to “wife”.
Standard Dialect
• Social dialect is a special variety of a language,
not related to any particular group of users.
• Because function as the public means of
communication,it is subject to extensive
condifiction (gramma,vocabulary,pronunciation
and spelling),which is controlled,and passed on
via the public media and institutions as news
broadcasts,
official
documents
and
publications.but,above all,through the school
systems .
• it is taught at school as a foreign or the second language
example
The BBC English, General American
English, Putonghua (Mandarin) or
Guo Yu, the national language.
Idiolect /personal language
个人习语
• a personal dialect of an individual speaker that
combines elements regarding regional, social, g
ender, and age variations
example: idiolect Zhu Ziqing’s prose and
language, Lin Yutang’s language, Lao She’s
language, Hemingway’s language